Integrated Life Science Study Guide

Integrated Life Science Study Guide Test #1/Chapters 1,3,4,19 1. The scientific method- A continuous process use to collect observationsk form amd test hypotheses, make predictions, and identify patterns in the physical world. pg 4 2. Biodiversity- the number of different species that coexist at a given place pg. 8 3. Dimitri Mendelev- Russian Chemist; created the Period Table of the Elements; 1st 1800s to arrange elements in such a way that the showed something about it properties. Elements made of atoms-Iron, Helium, Hydrogen pg. 10 4. Creationism or creation science is the belief of the Judeo-Christians (Bible); Genesis; 2000+ yrs. The Earth is between 5-7000 yrs old. It’s the belief that it was created in 7 days. Science of Creation (most scientists believe) believes the universe is approx. 15 Billion yrs old. Earth-is about 4. 5 billio9n yrs old. No beginning and no end to this universe. 5. Stem cells- embryonic cells that can become any cell in a living organism. Source; ambilical cord Adult stem cell-restricting-almost useless to work with; medical science impeded by someones belief system 6. Work- force exerted over a distance Power- work divided by time; how fast you do work.. Power =work/time Energy= the ability to do work; we get energy from food; converts to calorie-> glucose; cell->work; plants also use glucose to live 2 types of energy- Kinetic-energy of motion Potential- stored (fat) Force-a push or pull from kinectic energy; gravity energy-> glucose 7. Trophic levels a. Omnivores-eat both plants and animals b. Carnivores-eat meat.. ex. Lions, tigers, c. Herbivores-eat plants, ex. Cows, horses d. Plants- glucose e. Decomposers-bacteria; worms, fungi, provide food to make soil rich 8. First Law of Thermodynamics- 1st law about energy f. All energy in the universe stays the same; it only changes form i. Glucose â€Å"sugar†-> energy cells-> carbon dioxide; ammonia 9. Calories-unit of energy measurement in food 1C=1000c Calorie-heat our body produces; energy inside the cell Calorimeter-measures calories in food 10. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics- g. Heat always flows cold ii. No such thing as cold- cold is the absence of heat h. No such thing as â€Å"Heat Engine† i. Overtime entropy increases iii. Entropy-a measure of disorder; a way we can measure how miixed up something is. 1. Types of animal insulation- fur, feathers, fat, blubber, skin, shells, scales, and blood 12. Entropy-a measure of disorder; a way we can measure how miixed up something is. 13. The science of Aging and DNA j. Lifestyle k. Dna l. Genetics m. Biological clock is about 110 yrs old Chemicals that age you are alcohol, tobacco, recreational drugs 14. Ecosystem- a system that includes bot h living and non-living things in a particular area (people) n. Non-living- chemicals; food o. Living-cells 15. Homeostasis- health, dna, good health, balance 16. Acid rain- nitrogen, sulfur, ad carbon; coal + oil fired; electricity; generating plants; polluntants mix with rain; forms sulphuric acid; nitric acid; and carbonic acid- kills plants & trees; destroys auto paint, etc. 17. Photovoltaic cells- a device that converts sunlight (photons) into direct electric current Short Answer 1. Global Warming a. CONS-temperature increasing; flooding; sea level rising; quit burning fossil fuels b. PROS- 2. temp increasing during growing season which is what’s necessary 3. Ozone layer is 20 miles or more up. It protects us from UVA and UVB rays. It’s getting thinner because of pollutants Smog is a layer created from automobiles and factories- near the earth-harmful 4. Landfills are considered â€Å"biological recyclers† because 5. The 6 characteristics shared by all ecosystems are pg. 391 c. Every ecosystem consists of both living and nonliving parts d. Energy flows through ecosystems e. Matter is recycled by Ecosystems f. Every organism occupies an Ecological Niche g. Stable Ecosystems achieve a balance among their populations h. Ecosystems are not permanent, but change over time 6. Four dimensions as described in the Second Law of Themodynamics pg. 88 i. East or west j. North or south k. Up or down l. Time 7. Creationists believe that evolution does violate this law because life is highly ordered, it could not have arisen spontaneously without violating the 2nd law. Scientists disagree and believe that all you need to make the evolution of life consistent with the 2nd law is that the order observed in living things must be offset by a greater amount of disorder in the sun. pg. 88 8. 3 ways that heat is transferred is through conduction, convection, and radiation. Example of: pg. 6 Conduction- Convection-air rising above a radiator or toaster; motion of the Earth’s Radiation-a fire or electric heater 9. Celery makes you lose more calories than you gain because it goes back to the principal that if we take in less energy than we expend, energy must be removed from storage to meet the defecit and the amt of body fat decreases. 10. Our food in the USA is che aper and much richer than most other countries. We tend to eat in larger portions than we should. Biologically, we clone our foods and inject them with hormones and chemicals to keep the supply steady and to keep costs low. 1. 5 Questions to ask when confronted with other kinds of psuedosciences are: pg. 12 m. Are the â€Å"facts† true as stated? n. Is there an alternative explanation? o. Is the claim falsifiable? p. Have the claims been rigorously tested? q. Do the claims require unreasonable changes in accepted ideas? 12. Peer review is a system by which the editor of a scientific journal submits manuscripts considered for publication to a panel of knowledgeable scientis wh, in conidence, evaluate the manuscript for mistakes, misstatements, or shoddy procedures. Following the review, if the manuscript is to be published, it is returned to the author with a list of modiciations and corrections to be completed. pg. a34 13. Arrow of Time is The uniform and unique direction associated with the apparent inevitable flow of time into the future. Pg 88 14. The 3 major polluntants that make up urban pollution are nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, and hydrocarbons. Pg. 399

Zoology Chordata Vertebrates

Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataClass: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)Subclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)Order: OrectolobiformesFamily: RhincodontidaeGenus: RhincodonSpecies: Rhincodon typus| Integumentary system Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) has the toughest and thickest skin of all the animals in the world. It reaches up to 14 cm of thick; whale shark is pale on the underside and dark gray-brown color with white spots on the top. This can serve as a camouflage looking up or down the sea for shark’s preys (SRI, 2008).As all the other Chondrichtyes, Whale Shark skin is covered with little cartilaginous tooth-like structures, this are dermal placoid scales arranged to reduce the turbulence of water flowing along the body surface during swimming (Hickman, 2006). Whale shark maintains internal salt concentrations lower than seawater by pumping salt out through rectal glands and kidneys. Sharks retain urea dissolved in their body fluids. They also produce Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) use to protect their proteins from denaturation by urea waste products.Retention of this organic solutes in their body fluids makes their osmolality slightly hypertonic to sea water (Hickman, 2008) Whale Sharks are ectothermic; this means that their body temperature is similar to the surroundings. They may regulate their body temperature by behavioral mechanism such as spending time in warmer surface water (Thumbs, 2012). Musculo-Skeletal System As mentioned, Whale Shark is an elasmobranch; the skeleton of this animal is made out of cartilage instead of bone. This along with the big liver filled with oil helps the shark to float easier an spend less energy on its movement (SRI, 2008).They also posses an pelvic fins supported by appendicular skeletons, dorsal fins, a medial caudal fin and a median anal fin. The heterocercal tail in sharks shows that the upturned tail axis tends to produce a thrust directed downwards be hind the center of balance of the fish and thus gives a moment turning the head upwards. This is countered in two ways—by the rotation of the tail along its longitudinal axis during each lateral beat, and through the action of the ventral hypochordal lobe.The shape of the tail and the mode of action of the tail in all sharks so far considered reflects a balance between these three factors, in all of them the net effect being the production of a forward thrust from the tail that passes directly through the center of balance of the fish (Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan, 2012). Respiration System Whale Shark possesses 5 pair of gill slits located on the side of their heads (SRI, 2008). Water must continually flow across the gill slits in order for the shark to breath; They do not have gill covers like bony fishes do, so whale shark need to continually swim for constant flow.When water passes over the gill, a system of very fine blood vessels takes up the oxygen from the water. D igestive System Whale Shark is a filter feeder. As it swims with its mouth open, masses of water filled with prey enter to its mouth consisted of 5 large gill arches. After closing its mouth, shark uses specialized organs called gill rakers to filter the nourishment from the water. Basically anything that does not pass trough the gills is eaten. (SRI, 2008). Preys may include plankton, krill, small fish and even squid. This shark can process over 6000 liters of water each our.Urinary System Urea and trimethylamine (TMAO) in their blood and tissues help to maintain their osmotic balance. They are without the usual urinary tract, so they concentrate urea in their blood and excrete it through their skin (Hickman, 2006). Reproductive System According to the Shark research institute, Reproduction behavior is uncertain. In their article â€Å"Whale Shark FAQ† they state; â€Å"Only one pregnant female shark has ever been exanimated by scientist Dr. Jennifer V. Schmidt, Director of SRI genetics Program† (12). The only pregnant female caught ontained in her tween uterus 307 embryo’s measuring between 42 and 63 cm in length, 15 where fully- developed and ready to born. Having this information whale sharks where found to fall into the classification of ovoviviparous. This information also suggests that Whale Sharks could be one of the most productive live bearing shark species. But it remains unknown why their population is small. Sexual maturity in whale sharks may occur until they reach about 9 meters long which is about 30 years old. Whale sharks live for about 70 to 800 years. (SRI, 2009) Bullfrog (Rana castabeiana) Kingdom: AnimalPhylum: Chordate Class: Amphibians Order: Salientia Family: Ranidae Genus: Rana Species: Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog) Integumentary system Frog skin is thin and loosely attached to some of the muscles in the body. It is composed the skin is known to be permeable, which means that let the water pass in and out through th e skin membrane. Bullfrog’s skin is periodically shed as other frogs and toads do. The epidermis of the Bullfrog contains two types of glands: mucous glands, which help to protect the frog from dehydration and a large serous of glands that produce watery, poison material (Hickman, 2006).Musculo-skeletal system As many other amphibians bullfrogs live mainly in fresh water, but they can also migrate to other pounds lakes or reservoirs specially when is rainy or hummed. Bullfrogs have a well-developed endoskeleton made out principle of bone and some cartilage; this provides support for muscular movements (Hickman 2006). Bullfrog tent to develop strong and big muscles used for locomotion outside or inside the water. Bullfrogs as most of the other frogs and toads, are faced with an unusual locomotory challenge. They have to swim and jump using primary the hind limbs.The foot possess five rays and hand posses fore rays. Hind limbs and fore limbs posses a web-like structure to help frog locomotion also in water (Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al, 2007). Respiratory system Bullfrogs as many other amphibians use three respiratory surfaces for gas exchange: skin, mouth, and lungs. In bullfrogs lungs are present in adults (Hickman, 2006). On land Bullfrogs breath with their mouths closed. Bullfrogs present a positive lung pressure for breathing (Heckman, 2007). Their throat movements pull air through the nostrils to the lungs. Then breathe out with body contractions.Bullfrogs can also respire under the water through the skin using a process called cutaneous gas exchange. They use their skin for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange (Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan, 1987) Digestive system Bullfrogs are voracious eaters, and will eat just about any animal they can swallow. These include: insects, crayfish, worms, minnows, other frogs (even Bullfrogs), small turtles, snakes, baby birds, and small mammals. They are most active at night. The frog digestive system, like mo st other digestive systems, starts in the mouth.Prey, which is sometimes caught by the frog’s sticky tongue, is diced by tooth-like structures in the mouth. The food then moves down through the esophagus, into the stomach, where, much like in the shark, the food is softened, broken down somewhat, and stored. From the stomach, food moves into the small intestine, where the most of the chemical digestion (i. e. the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, the liver secretes bile, etc. ) and nutrient absorption take place. One special attribute of the frog small intestine is that it has villi, small projections that greatly ncrease the surface area of the small intestine, allowing more nutrient absorption. Urinary system The urinary system of Bullfrogs as most of the frogs is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. The kidney excretes and re-absorbs electrolytes (e. g. sodium, potassium and calcium) under the influence of local and systemic hormones. pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. Reproductive system Bullfrog’s are known to be oviparous and breeding occurs in permanent bodies of water that typically contain thick grows of algae and rooted aquatic plants.Breeding pools usually are rich in aquatic animal life and have a soft mud bottom (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). They initiate amplexus by making physical contact with an adult male. Amplexus and oviposition generally last from 15 min to 2. 5 hours and occur about midnight. Bullfrogs have found to mate and lay eggs in areas outside the sites defended by calling males. (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines (turtles and tortoises)? Family: Cheloniidae (true sea turtles)? Genus: Chelonia?Species: Chelonia mydas Integumentary System Green sea turtles, as all the turtle’s species have evolved a bony outer shell, which prot ects them from predators. This shell covers both dorsal and ventral surfaces and it is consider the most highly developed protective armor of any vertebrate species to have ever lived. (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). The dorsal portion of the shell is known as carapace and it is covered with a large scale-like structures called scutes. The ventral portion of the shell is known as the plastron. This two structures are connected by hard shelled plates called lateral bridges.A difference of land turtles and tortoises, sea turtles are not able to retract their heads into their shells, and they heads remain out at all times (Green sea turtles, 2001) Green Sea turtles are ectothermic animals, which means that they regulate their internal temperature from their environment, this also explains why this turtles live in warm temperatures. Chelonia mydas maintain homeostasis using a specialized gland called salt gland; it helps them controlling their internal environment and it is located just behi nd each eye. Using this gland they excrete the excess of salt levels in blood in forms of â€Å"tears†. â€Å"Green Sea Turtles,† 2001). Musculo-skeletal system The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilages. Typically, it is divided into 3 main parts: the skull, axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton in sea turtles, each of these bony groups is a composite of several structures. The skull includes the braincase, jaws, and hyoid apparatus the axial skeleton is composed of the carapace, vertebrae, and ribs and the derivatives of the ribs. The plastron is a composite including derivatives of the axial and appendicular skeleton (ventral ribs plus shoulder elements).The appendicular skeleton includes the flippers, hind limbs, and their supporting structures (the pectoral and pelvic girdles). (Wyneken, 2001. ) Sea turtles are interesting because they have very highly evolved flippers to help them propel through the water. In addition to being able to propel themselves t hrough the water, the sea turtles use their flippers to climb up steep, rocky shores and can use their flippers to evade all sorts of different predators of the sea turtles. While sea turtles all have the same basic anatomy, there are some things that set some species of sea urtles apart from other sea turtles. For example, Green sea turtles have prefrontal scales on the head, a differing number of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes that appear on the pastron. (Wtbeken, 2001. ) Respiratory system The sea turtle requires a respiratory system that is able to support it through diverse depths and distances. Due to sea turtles's excessive breath-hold, the respiratory system must be able to compensate for time elapsed without exhalation. When exhalation does occur, it is brief. The main component that bears the respiratory weight is essentially the lung.The lung, â€Å"functions as the major oxygen store and can supply sufficient oxygen for most routine dives ( up to 20 mins) to be aerobic† (Lutz, 1985). Moreover, the lung almost carries the complete load of respiration in the sea turtle. â€Å"The respiratory properties of sea turtle blood are particularly well suited to lung-tissue transport during routine brethhold periods, surviving prolonged dives of at least three hours by having a high anaerobic capacity† (Lutz, 1985). A difference of the amphibians, turtles posses a negative lung preassure. Digestive systemGreen sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, get their name from the color of their body fat, which is green from the algae or limu they eat. Adult green sea turtles are herbivores, meaning that they eat only plants, and therefore do not pose a threat to any other marine animals. Juvenile green sea turtles on the other hand are carnivorous. Their diet consists of jellyfish and other invertebrates (Green sea turtles, 2001). Although the carapaces of green sea turtles are mostly dark brown in color, they can be covered with patc hes of algae on which fishes in turn feed (Green sea turtles, 2001).This particular relationship of the fish eating algae off the turtle's shell would be considered a form of mutualism. Urinary System The excretory system of the turtle is responsible for removing harmful wastes from the turtle's body and blood. The kidney of the turtle performs the blood filtering process and the wastes are then sent to the bladder as urine. In sea turtles the kidneys are also aided by the salt gland to get rid of the excess salt in the sea water (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). The bladder is the storage place of the urine. From the bladder the urine goes to the cloaca, which is where urine leaves the body.The cloaca is also used to take in oxygen and other nutrients in sea turtles when they reach critical levels. Reproductive System Although green sea turtles live most of their lives in the ocean, adult females must return to land in order to lay their eggs. Biologists believe that nesting female turtle s return to the same beach where they were born. Hawaii's green sea turtles migrate as far as 800 miles from their feeding areas along the coasts of the main Hawaiian islands to their nesting beaches in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands (Green Sea Turtles, 2001).Males accompany the females during the migration, which usually occurs in the late spring, and mate with them off the shores of the nesting beaches. Females do not mate every year, but when they do, they come ashore often- as many as five times every 15 days to make nests in the sand and lay eggs. Green sea turtles nest only at night. The female must pull herself out of the water and all the way to the dry sand of the upper beach using only her front flippers. This is a difficult task as her front limbs have been modified into highly effective swimming flippers, and do not support the bulk of her weight in the sand.After placing the eggs female basically has completed her parenting job, then she returns to the sea leaving he r young’s to fend for them-selves. Unfortunately, not all of the hatchlings reach the ocean. Many are snatched up by hungry crabs and other predators along the way or become lost and die. In addition, some are eaten by sharks and other carnivorous fishes while at sea. Only a few baby turtles from each nest will survive into adulthood. Jaguar (Panthera Onca) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata SubPhylum: Vertebrata Class: Mamalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: EutheriaOrder: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Pantherinae Genus: Panthera Species: Panthera onca Integumentary system Mammal’s bodies are covered by hairs, tegumentary features that contribute to the regulation of body temperature. In the skin there are a quantity of sweat glands and sebaceous or oil glands that help to keep the skin in good health by lubricating it and eliminating toxic byproducts through the sweat. In addition to this elimination function, the sweat contributes to thermo- regulation, cooling the surface through evaporation.In addition to hairs, the skin grows other structures, such as nails, claws or hooves as well as the horns and callous foot pads of certain mammals. Heterodontia is characteristic of mammals, that is to say that they have teeth of different structure, as opposed to homodontia, in which all the teeth are alike. Musculo-skeletal system The Jaguar is a large and muscular animal that has a heavier and sturdier body than that of a Leopard. They have a large, broad head with jaws so strong that they are said to have the most powerful bite of all the world's Cats. Jaguar, 2008). They are also fast runners, but they get tired quickly. They can also climb very well and are good swimmers. (Felines, 2002) The jaguar’s skeleton is not so different from the human skeleton. Jaguars have more bones and many are identical to those in the human being. They have have 13 ribs; humans have 12. They also do have clavicles but unlike humans, they are not attached to other bones. The outside of a bone, the cortex, is composed of minerals and protein and gives the bone its rigidity. Inside the bone is the marrow cavity that produces red blood cells.Jaguar’s muscles are tough and well-coordinated and help to make the animal an agile hunter. Basically, jaguar’s muscles are designed for walking, running, leaping, and twisting. Their muscular control and skeletal flexibility enable it to right its body during a fall with incredible speed—a trick that is unique to the family felidae. Respiratory System The respiratory system functions primarily to transfer oxygen from the air to the blood and to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and carry it out of the body into the air. Oxygen is vital to the body’s maintenance.Carbon dioxide is a waste product of the maintenance process. Jaguar breathes in air through its nose and mouth. The nose and mouth join to form the pharynx. The trachea is a tube that extend s from the pharynx to the lungs. The epiglottis covers the trachea when swallowing occurs to prevent food and water from entering the lungs. At the lungs the trachea branches into smaller tubes called bronchi or bronchial tubes. The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller bronchioles until they become dead end sacs called alveoli. It is in the alveoli where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur.Digestive system The jaguar is a carnivore. It hunts mostly at night. Its prey includes capybara, peccaries, deer, large ground birds, fish, snakes, turtles and rabbits. It will also eat livestock like horses, cows and sheep. The jaguar hunts mostly on the ground, but it sometimes climbs a tree and pounces on its prey from above. The jaguar has very powerful jaws and sharp teeth and usually kills its prey with one crushing bite to the skull. ( Jaguar, 2008) Jaguar’s digestive system is comprised of the alimentary canal and accessory glands.The alimentary canal consists of the lips, mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The accessory glands are the liver, pancreas, and the salivary glands. All the organs work to process the food a cat eats. The intestines work to extract and absorb the nutrients and eliminate the wastes. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Urinary System The important organs of the cat’s urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are located on either side of the body in the lumbar region (between ribs and pelvis).Blood is filtered through the kidneys and the liquid waste product is called urine. Urine is passed through the ureters to the bladder where it is stored. The urine is then discharged through the urethra, a tube connecting the bladder to the exterior of the body. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Reproductive system Despite the fact that most Jaguar cubs are generally born between the months of December and March, it is not uncommon for them to be born at other times of the year. During the mating season, the female Jaguar will use loud vocal calls to attract a male into her territory. Female Jaguars typically give birth to two or three cubs.Once their cubs are born however, the female Jaguar will not tolerate the male in her territory as she becomes very protective of her young at this stage. Jaguar cubs are born blind and gain their sight after about two weeks. They are weaned by their mother when they are around 3 months old, although the cubs will rely on their mother to hunt and provide for them until they are about 6 months old. At 6 months, the Jaguar cubs will then start to accompany the female jaguar on hunts but will not venture out on their own until they are one or two years old and have established a territory for themselves. Jaguar, 2008) Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) Kingdon: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Psittaciformes Family: Pisttacinae Genus: Ara Lacepede, 1799 Species: Ara macao Subspecies: Ara macao cyanopterus Integumentary system Scarlet macaws are brightly colored birds with feathers ranging in color bands from scarlet on their head and shoulders, to yellow on their back and mid wing feathers and blue on the wing tips and tail feathers. The face has short white feathers. This area surrounds the light yellow colored eyes. The long, thick beak is light on the top and dark black on the bottom.The legs and feet are also black (David, 2003) Birds are endothermal, or warm-blooded. That means they have an internal furnace, fueled by food, that generates heat and allows them to keep their bodies at a constant temperature, even though the temperature of their environment changes. Birds are also able to regulate their body temperature by conserving or losing heat through a variety of ways -— feathers help retain heat, while panting helps get rid of heat. (Bird Life, 2008) Musculo-skeletal system Macaws are the largest parrots in the world — the bod y of the scarlet macaw from beak to tail can be as long as 33 inches.This beautiful macaw has a creamy white, almost featherless face, with bright red plumage covering most of its body, wings and long tail. Brilliant blue and yellow feathers also adorn the lower wings. The bird's strong beak is adapted to breaking hard nuts found in the rainforest. (David, 2003) Respiratory system The high metabolism and athletic life-style of birds require a great deal of oxygen. Four organs work together to carry oxygen to the cells: nostrils, trachea, lungs, and air sacs. With each breath, air moves through the nostrils, down the trachea and into the lungs and air sacs. From the lungs, xygen passes into the bloodstream and then to the body cells. The air that passes into the air sacs cools the internal organs and helps maintain body temperature. Nearly all of the air in the lungs is replaced with each breath. When flying, birds require ten to twenty times more oxygen than at rest. To supply the e xtra oxygen, birds increase their breathing rates. (Bird Life, 2008) Digestive system Wild Scarlet Macaws mostly eat fruits and seeds, including large, hard seeds. Like other parrots, they are seed predators, they destroy the seeds that they eat and do not disperse them. Some macaws are sometimes seen eating clay from river banks. Bird Life, 2008 Since birds have no teeth, the digestive system must grind up food so that the energy stored in it can be used. A hollow digestive tube extends from the mouth through the entire length of the body to an external opening called the cloaca. The tube is divided into the throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Urinary system The urinary system of birds is different from mammals, as birds produce both urine and urates. The kidneys possess two different types of nephrons, the units that filter the blood to remove toxins and products of metabolism.Birds cannot concentrate their urine as well as mammals can. Bird s also are uricotelic, meaning that they excrete the end product of nitrogen metabolism as uric acid, which is made in the liver and they excreted from the blood. Uric acid is the creamy white portion of the dropping. Urine is the clear portion. The feces constitute the third portion of a dropping, and this consists of the solid portion, usually brown or green, depending on what the bird has been eating. A bird is able to urinate independently of defecating, or passing feces, but most of the time, the bird will pass urine, urates and feces at the same time. Bird Life 2008) Reproductive system Like most parrots, the female Scarlet Macaw lays 2 to 4 white eggs in a tree cavity. The young hatch after 24 to 25 days. They fledge about 105 days later and leave their parents a year later. (bird life, 2008) The scarlet macaw protects its baby by staying in the nest with the baby or babies and being aware of any type of danger. It pinches predators with its beak and screams noises for help w hen a predator wants to eat the baby and/ or female. The female stays with the baby 1-2 years. It stays most of the day and the male fetch food for the baby or babies. Brightsmith, 2004) Works cited Shark Research Institute. Whale Shark FAQ. Dlvingdog productions Inc. Nov 2006. Shark Research Institute. November 7, 2012. (Greey Literature) Thums, Michele. â€Å"Why Whale Sharks Need to Swim Near the Surface†. PHYS. ORG. Benson Jhon, October 19, 2012. Web. November 7, 2012. (Gray literature) Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan. â€Å"Body Form and Locomotion in Sharks†. Integrative and Comparative Biology Vol 17. 2 (2012): 343-354. Print (Scientific Journal) Roberts, Hickman, et al. Integrated Principles of Zoology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2006.Print Hammerson, Geoffrey A. Amphibians and Reptiles in Colorado, A Colorado Field Guide. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 1999. Print Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al. â€Å"Morphological correlates of aquatic and terr estrial locomotion in semi-aquatic frog†. Journal of Anatomy. Vol. 210. 3 (2007): 304-317. Print. (Journal) Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan. â€Å"Cutaneous gas exchange and low evaporative water loss in the frogs†. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. Vol 157. 4 (1987): 423-427.Print. (journal) Earthtrust. 2001. Green sea turtles. Retrieved November 7, 2012, from website: http://earthrust. org/wlcurruc/turtles. html Wyneken, J. 2001. The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. U. S. Department of Commerce NOAA Thechnical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470, 1-172. Print Lutz, P. L. and T. B. Bentley. 1985. Respiratory Physiology of Diving in the Sea Turtle. Copeia. 3: 671-679 â€Å"Felines†. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia. com. 10 November, 2012 Jaguar. OpenCrypt membership software. 2008. Web. November 9, 2012. Foss, A. Michael, et al. Cat Anatomy and Physiology†. 4-H Youth Development. 4. 3. (2008) :210-267. Print Jukofsky, Diane. Encyclopedia of Rainforests. Connecticut: Oryx Press, 2002. Alderton, David (2003). The ultimate encyclopedia of caged and aviary birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 234. BirdLife International 2008. Ara macao. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009. 1. . Brightsmith, D. 2004. â€Å"Macaws, their Nesting Sites and the Macaw Project† (On-line). Rainforest Expeditions. at http://www. perunature. com/info01. asp.

Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chilean Copper Mine Collapse - Essay Example That is our unwavering commitment to you, and we will not rest until each and every last one is recovered from the mine shaft. As this process unfolds, a company representative will be available to you around the clock, and will be issuing regular pieces of communication to family members at pre-determined intervals. In addition, representative from the Chilean government will be arriving on site shortly to oversee the rescue effort and I am confident that they will be available to answer any of your questions as well. May we all take time to pray for the safe rescue of each miner beneath us. I will be in touch with you again shortly. It is with much sadness that I join each of you in expressing my utmost regret at the recent accident that has best our mine. While the mining business is certainly one of the most dangerous industries in Chile, we pride ourselves on taking measures to ensure the safety and security of each and everyone of our employees. In this case, however, a great tragedy has befallen us and I assure you that, in due course, we will determine what happened and find out to avoid this in the future. We will grow stronger as a result. In the meantime, however, we are 100% focused on the safe recovery and rescue of each of your co-workers, so please understand that our attention is needed in this endeavor. Each of you no doubt has numerous questions. In addition to be considered for your brother’s below us, you may be feeling uncertainty about the future direction that company will be headed. I assure you that we will be addressing your concerns in due course. A company representative will so on be available to you to answer questions related to compensation and when you can expect to return to work. Naturally, as of now, the mine will not be operational for the foreseeable future. We do have contingency plans in place for such an occurrence, and we will act in accordance

Accounting Business Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting Business Letter - Essay Example In this case the customer has a right to claim for injury and medical costs as well as rehabilitation costs according to the legal position of the customer who can claim for ‘tripping and slipping’. In this condition, a financial statement covering medical and injury costs as well as rehabilitation costs added to the financial report of the company should have been added. However the customer’s claims should be made within the financial year under consideration and if this has been done as is the case, you definitely have to be prepared for any kind of financial compensation and include the medical expenses of the client concerned and establish the amount that will have to be paid for any damages claim. You will have to include this in the miscellaneous section of your expenses or damage related costs. 2. Your second query is related to your understanding of AASB accounting standards that are based on International Financial Reporting Standards, and whether these are applicable in the current reporting period for your company which began on July 1, 2005. With your poor understanding of AASB standards, you have considerable doubts as to whether the current accounting standards as practised by your company's research and development unit is consistent with the new accounting standards as specified by the AASB accounting standards. Your query seems to be specifically valid for new accounting standards for research and development. Here is my response. The AASB accounting standards are equivalent to the IASB standards. This is the Australian version of accounting standards however some recent amendments have been made. However there are several exceptions to implementing new accounting standards for the current reporting period beginning July 2005 and all new accounting standards could be included in the next accounting period. Some of the clauses are given below as examples to aid your understanding. AASB 1 First-time Adoption of Australian Equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued in July 2004: Exemption from the requirement to provide comparative disclosures for AASB 6 In its first Australian-equivalents-to-IFRSs financial report, an entity that adopts Australian equivalents to IFRSs before 1 January 2006 need not present the disclosures required by AASB 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources for comparative periods (Accounting Standard, AASB 2004-1). This suggests that your company may be exempted from following new accounting standards till the next reporting period. 3. Let me now examine your third concern which is related to the fact that the market capitalization of Techno Ltd appears to be several times higher than the value of the net assets as reported. It is your belief that some of the major assets in your company are not being reported. You definitely consider that the highly innovative and trained programmers in your company are one of the greatest assets of your company, yet it is not being officially booked as an asset. Since a large amount of money is invested in developing a motivated and talented team of trained personnel which you are sure will add to intellectual capital in the future, you want to report your team of researchers as an asset. Apart from this, like your major rival company you also want to report goodwill and reputation in your balance

The Art of Film Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Art of Film Paper 1 - Essay Example From the events of the story, we learn that people can go to all lengths to seek revenge and in the quest of seeking revenge; many innocent people may incur injury.1 Yes, they have. In the issue of the characters suffering from amnesia, it portrayed the measures the characters took to contain information. An example is Leonard tattooing information on his body to remember every incident. Yes, it does. The beginning clearly depicts the events of death that made the lead actor Leonard transform from being a detective to being a murderer. At the end of the movie, it is clearly shown how Leonard was out to kill Teddy, while the movie started with a dead body. Not all narrative lines achieve closure. In the instance of the murder of Teddy, one is not sure if the murder took place. Leonard has amnesia. One does not know if he remembered Teddy’s face and came back kill him. It is not known, if Teddy remembered the person that killed his wife or if he avenged the death of his wife. 6a). How does the narration present story information to us? Is it restricted to one or a few characters’ knowledge, or does it range freely among the characters in different spaces? The story concentrates on one person, Leonard. The whole story is about him and his quest for

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Warming - Research Paper Example In a general manner, global warming can be defined as a rise in the temperature all around the globe. But global warming is not limited to only the rise in temperature but it is also associated with bringing about other environmental changes. These changes have a very major effect on the atmosphere of the world. Global warming is hence a very important issue that is increasing and affecting the global environment. It results due to many reasons and harmful human activities serve as the major cause of global warming. Global warming poses a great risk for life on this planet and hence this issue needs to be dealt with in the best possible manner (Houghton 2004). With the passage of time, it has been realized that global warming is an international problem and it has led to many demographic as well as temperature changes in the world. The National Climatic Data carried out a study which presented with very alarming as well as essential findings with regard to global warming. The study p resented the fact that the temperature which was recorded in the year 2004 in the United States of America was the 4th warmest temperature on its record since the year 1880 (NCDC 2004). Causes The study of the climate of the Earth along with the global climatic changes and patterns have served to be of great assistance in analyzing the reasons which have led to the problem of global warming. Many causes have been linked to this global issue with human activities being counted as the major reason but it is also believed by a group of researchers that global warming is not associated with human activities but it is rather a natural phenomenon. Carbon emissions can be specified as the major cause of global warming. The factories which are using the fossil fuels during their manufacturing processes are giving out a great amount of carbon and this leads to a great change in the temperature of this world. The trees planted in the world are considered to be of immense importance in stoppin g the problem of global warming to expand. A tree intakes carbon dioxide during its respiratory process and this helps it to reduce carbon dioxide from the environment. However after a tree dies or the wood in it decomposes, carbon dioxide is given off in the environment. This has been seen as a major cause of the alarming high rates of carbon dioxide in the air these days. In the present years many forests have been burnt by the people or have been burnt naturally due to some accident. These factors have caused the trees to die and release carbon dioxide in the air. In the recent years fires have erupted in the major forests of this world. The fires which erupted in Amazon during the years of 2000 and 2005 can be viewed as a major setback for the environment of this world. It destroyed an area of 132000 square kilometers of the Amazon forest. This area is estimated to be the size of the whole country of Greece. These fires resulted in the release of a huge amount of CO2 into the at mosphere. And it is estimated that the amount of CO2 released during these fires is in billions (Chemical & Engineering News, 2005). Deforestation, climate changes and forest fires have been the major causes of the release of CO2 in the

Subject is Learning,Training and development. (Human Resource Assignment

Subject is Learning,Training and development. (Human Resource management).You have to answer the question in analytical way - Assignment Example Lastly, the various potential crisis situations or constraints that can arise during this process are also analysed in a comprehensive manner, as well as how a trainer can tackle them in a more effective way. IMPORTANCE OF A SYSTEMATIC TRAINING PROGRAMME Training programmes in an organization are crucial for the developing and improving the skills of the human resource, while at the same time imparting vital information and knowledge to them, which will aid them in the future. It is also related to making the employees capable of implementing that knowledge and information in order to improve the organization productivity as well as effectiveness, and invariably improving the quality of supervision of people (Walton, 1999). Training employees is not only beneficial from the point of view of the organization, but also that of the nation. It will make the organization capable of contributing towards the progress of a country’s human capital, which is one of the most valuable res ources for any society. Not only will the employees succeed in serving the business organization in a more effective way, but will also become assets for the nation in terms of expertise (Armstrong, 2009). Training the employees can also lead to greater returns for the business, as they will now be better-equipped to perform at their optimum levels. Moreover, it will also persuade the training staff to improve their own knowledge in order provide expertise to their other employees. The knowledge that will be required for this training will also increase the quality of the various other services provided by the business – advisory, representation services as well as policy lobbying. Lastly, the business can meet their corporate goals and aims more effectively with better-trained personnel, and can successfully improve their overall image in the corporate sector (Buckley & Caple, 2000). That training programme that an organization decides to implement should be connected to the final outcomes that the organisation strives for. This can also prove to be an essential test of whether a training need exists for the human resource or not. Moreover, it is absolutely necessary to note that not all administrative problems or prospects will require training as a solution. It has to be evidently recognized that the specific organisational shortage or deficit can easily be resolved by a prepared training event (Tulip, 2003). COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEMATIC TRAINING PROGRAMME Training is a component of the business’s overall planning process in search of corporate goals. The firm has a training tactic which notifies the approach to employee development. Moreover, in systematic training, managerial abilities are intended for and established using a mixture of formal training, planned experience as well as coaching. There is an unbroken rotation of training analysis, evaluation as well as activity (Dunphy & Stace, 1993). The systematic training process can be summari sed as follows: 1. Recognize and describe organizational difficulties/prospects related to industry/service strategy that can be resolved by training. 2. Investigate the information/skill essential 3. Examine the learning mandatory – what information/skills are to be acquired for full expertise 4. Formulate the learning objectives for the training programme 5. Design the training process by selecting methods as well as determining the content and

Minimalism, functionalism and neo-eclectic Essay

Minimalism, functionalism and neo-eclectic - Essay Example Another important feature was simplicity. Simplicity was introduced to make a structure appear more natural and thus more livable. Smallness and simplicity thus became the core of minimalist aesthetics and have been associated with such important names as Walter Gropius, Alberto Giacometti, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Constantin Brancusi, Le Corbusier, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Barth has explained the minimalist doctrine in these words: "artistic effect may be enhanced by a radical economy of artistic means, even where such parsimony comprises other values: completeness, for example, or richness or precision of statement". Functionalism as the word suggests is a movement that focused on utility of structures. It was felt that a structure must do what it is intended to do. And while the movement may have suffered from ambiguity, no one can seriously deny the effectives of the basic doctrine of functionalism. Every object must be created to perform that job it is int ended to perform. It was felt that each part of a structure must serve a purpose. It was a rather austere and neutral approach to building as if a work of art was suddenly stripped off its soul. While utility was an important characteristic and one that even modern architects cannot ignore, basic aesthetic values were largely ignored and this gave rise to criticism. It was argued that if utility is taken a bit too far, things other than utility may take a backseat and thus the entire approach suffers. This has been interestingly explained by Pile (1979) in these words: "Simplistic discussions of function in design often lose sight of the complexity of multiple functional requirements that characterize the development of most modern objects. If one supposes that each thing has a function, it can seem that discussions of this matter are pointless. The definition of a chair, after all, requires that any chair can be sat in. Similarly, all knives must cut, airplanes fly, and failure in this kind of primary function dooms an object to total failure and, in all probability, to the junk heap. In practice, every object has, in addition to the obvious primary function, many other subsidiary

Hypotheses and evidence (SPSS) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hypotheses and evidence (SPSS) - Assignment Example Most of the values (40%) were concentrated above the mode, which despite some other variables showing normal distributions, advised my use of non-parametric tests on the data. The sample comprised 30 participants, 56.7% being male and 43.3% females. 20% were engaged, 13.3% were married, and 3.3% were single. The majority, 63.3%, did not indicate to belong to any of these three categories. Most participants were college graduates (63.3%), 20% high school graduates, and 16.7% had attained post-graduate levels. 40% earned between $50001 and $75000, 20% between $25000 and $50000 and also $100000 and above, 13.3% between 75001 and $100000, and 6.7% below $25000. I sought to establish whether alcoholic drinks are popular with the participants, who are generally assumed to represent the parent population they have been drawn from. From the sampled population, 60% were consumers of hard drinks, which include vodka, whiskies (where scotch falls), and brandy among other drinks. Out of this population, 56.7% consumed wine, and 43.3% consumed mixed alcoholic drinks. The entire sample confessed to using other types of alcoholic drinks. Classified under this criterion, 3.3% consumed â€Å"Hard Lemonade† while the remaining 96.7% consumed â€Å"Long Island Tea†. The percentages for all four categories indicate high consumption rates of alcoholic drinks, with every participant indicating they consume them. I performed a Chi-square test to establish whether individuals reported to drink more or less at the time of the survey. 30.0% of the respondents reported to drinking more, with a similar ratio drinking less. 40% drank the same amounts of alcohol. The test showed that the proportion of those who drank more was not significantly different from those who drank less, and those who maintained equal drinking volumes (χ2 = 0.60, p = 0.741). I further performed a Chi-square test to establish whether more consumers of alcoholic drinks took their drinks over the

Personal impression of Car designer Chris Bangle and his design Essay

Personal impression of Car designer Chris Bangle and his design - Essay Example BMW simultaneously passed Mercedes Benz and took the global leader title in sale of premium cars. He stood firmly for his designs and defended them against any criticisms. He retired from BMW after introducing GINA, a car of stunning concept, in 2009 (Bangle 4). In 2010, he brought his unique insight and extensive knowledge of design as he featured in annual design festivals in Victoria. Chris Bangle has inspired many people in the world of automotive design including children (Braes 12). However, Bangle states that art is the only secret to great cars. He says that automobiles refer to the embodiment of art, sculpture and entertainment that coincidentally provide transportation. In order for automobile design to be successful, the designer has to make very decisive designs. Bangle is the founding father of BMWs, which are very popular up to-date. He believes that automobile design is the only pinnacle of design, while others are only substrate forms. Today, the automobile has become a product with very high significant impact and emotional properties in the society. After houses, they are the second biggest purchased major properties in Bangle’s view. Developments in Automobile industry Automobile design has evolved from the frontier between science, art, and market, to progressively becoming an aesthetic reference (Bangle 5). Aspects like aesthetic appeal, brand expression and impression, and emotional response are greatly influenced by the appearance of the product and therefore it has become an area of great concern among automotive manufacturers and designers today. Factors that are related to aesthetic and identity like interior and exterior styling that increase a car’s attractiveness are the number one criteria in purchasing across the world. Bangle was very keen on this and that is what has made his car models very popular and classic until today. Activities in automobile design involve shaping the car until all its aspects are visible. This is in styling the shape of the outer body and interior’s graceful appointments, together with arrangement of the engine compartment components. Bangle (17) says that before technical features are evaluated, the direct perception of the vehicle plays a much bigger role in determining whether the vehicle will be accepted or rejected. According to Bangle, automobile design involves taking into account many elements like car function, market, distribution, production, promotion, safety, price reduction and environmental concerns. The Effects of Bangle’s Design Movement to the Industrial Design Industry Regardless of many sentiments from many critics, Bangle has significantly affected the industrial design industry (Braes 21). His one and half decade of service in automobile designs for Munich manufacturers was marked in his 2009 retirement. To understand the contributions that he has had in automobiles industry, it is important to take a look at BMW’s styling before and after his service. Since the 1960s stunning CS couples, BMW design was so conservative that getting more progress was rare. Conservativeness was like the polite way of saying and staying dull. However, the pr esence of Bangle really transformed the styling of BMW. It is not a wonder that within a short while, it overtook great cars like Mercedes Benz in demand and price in the market. The BMW’s driving dynamics and power trains were the envy of many manufacturers (Georgano 56). Its styling made their rivals spend sleepless nights, hence striving to improve their designs. Consequently, there was marked improvement in the industrial de

Global Perspective on Health Policy Essay Example for Free

Global Perspective on Health Policy Essay Introduction A macro perspective on health policy issues can be helpful to identify how problems become policy issues and how these issues result in the creation of health care policy. The neglected epidemic of Chronic Disease also known as non- communicable diseases are a controversial issue that needs to be addressed in the world. In this paper, the writer will provide an explanation of how this issue has resulted from a policy’s creation. Identify the steps in the state and federal policy development process. Furthermore, differentiate between policy development and implementation. Also, explain how stakeholders become involved in the process and why their voices often become a driver for change in health policy. What is Chronic Disease? Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases are not transferred from person to person. They are slowly progressed over time. The four main kinds of non-communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases such as strokes or heart attacks, any type cancer, chronic respiratory diseases like chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and diabetes. Other Chronic Diseases that affect many Americans are, Obesity and Overweight, Asthma, Epilepsy, Food Allergies, Glaucoma, Alzheimer’s, and Heart Disease (Non-communicable diseases. 2014). A Chronic Disease is a long-term illness that can be controlled, but not healed. The worldwide population is affected by chronic diseases. In the United States, chronic disease is the leading cause of disability and death that accounts for 70% of all deaths. Out of these premature deaths, 90% effect low- income and middle-class population. The World Health Organization shows that chronic illnesses are also the main reason for untimely deaths everywhere, even in places where communicable ailments are widespread (What is Chronic Disease?. 2011). According to the article, chronic disease is the most preventable and can be successfully controlled, and they are also very costly health issues and the most common. With the proper care and treatment, these long-term diseases can be controlled (What is Chronic Disease?. 2011). The Epidemic of Chronic Disease In today’s society, Chronic Disease is responsible for an enormous percentage of diseases in people. Non-communicable diseases affect all regions of the  world and age groups. People before the age of 60 attribute to 9 million of the deaths associated with chronic disease. Even though Chronic Disease are a huge problem in low-income areas, these diseases and risk are not exclusive to more wealthy Americans (Horton, R. 2005). The most vulnerable to the risk factors that contribute to chronic diseases are adults, elderly and children. Studies prove that it comes from unhealthy diets, exposure and use of tobacco products, not regularly exercising and harmfully using alcohol. Non-communicable disease are driven by aging and the globalization of unhealthiness in our lives (Non-communicable diseases. 2014). The globalization of unhealthiness like eating unhealthy can result in high blood pressure, overweight and obesity, high blood glucose levels, and higher blood lipids. Many of these risk factors can be lead to cardiovascular disease, which is a common NCD (Non-communicable diseases. 2014). The Center for Managing Chronic Disease (CMCD) aims help in the effectiveness with management and prevention in chronic disease. The main goal of CMCD is to help people at risk, or that are most vulnerable. Conducting advanced research and publicizing the results to aid in policy change and practices (What is Chronic Disease? 2011). On September 2011, a meeting with the UN High Level on Non-Communicable Diseases was an exceptional chance to produce a sustained global drive contrary to preventable disease and disability, premature death for chronic diseases, like stroke, cancer, heart disease and respiratory disease and diabetes. This is an increasing global threat in NCDs that is a barrier to developmental goals. These development goals include health equity, poverty reduction, human security and economic stability (The Lancet. 2011). Policy Making Process. In healthcare, Chronic Disease epidemics cause many threats to the world. In response to the crisis, The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance has proposed five priority actions. Which are: â€Å"Leadership, prevention, treatment, international cooperation, and monitoring and accountability—and the delivery of five priority interventions—tobacco control, salt reduction, improved diets and physical activity, reduction in hazardous alcohol intake, and essential drugs and technologies (The Lancet. 2011).† The import involvements were chosen for their health paraphernalia, cost-value, small costs of implementation, and political and financial achievability. Tobacco control  is the most urgent and immediate priority. They have propose a goal for 2040 that in essence the world would be free from tobacco where fewer than 5% of people engaged in tobacco use (The Lancet. 2011). Policy problems are identified by many factors that include methods that include getting issues on the political agendas and removing them. The first step in the Policymaking Process is agenda setting. Agenda setting is all about decision-making in the first phase of the policymaking process. To be considered on the agenda, difficulties must arise to policymakers’ attention. Healthcare problems are highly visible, because the affect the nation, whereas major problems no relating to health are considered invisible to make the agenda (The Lancet. 2011). The Policymaking process discusses the precise decisions and procedures that are required for a policy to be considered, proposed and implemented. This process is an interactive progression with various points of access that provides opportunities to impact the many decisions (Politics and the Policymaking Process. n.d.).Policymaking process is an interactive process with several points of entree that provides chances to influence the decision-making processes involved in each of the stages. Furthermore, there are three phases of policymaking: the implementation phase, the formulation phase, and formulation phase (Politics and the Policymaking Process. n.d.). Policy development and implementation. During Policy Development, policies may be developed and applied at several stages and may vary from formal reg ulations and legislation to the informal procedures by which governments function (Policy Development. n.d.). An example of policy development would be in government policy that is related to youth, children and health developed at national and federal; territorial and provincial; community, local and district; or international levels by elected executives transversely with a quantity sectors that includes education, health, social services, finance, recreation and labor. Additionally, policy development time frame is determined by various factors that include government agendas and media attention. (Policy Development. n.d.). On the contrary, Policy implementation involves putting implemented policies into play. Success from implementation is depends on three essential elements. First element is the state or president and government officials locally, must pass down polices to the proper agency with the government bureaucracy (Policy Implementation   Boundless Open Textbook. n.d.). The second element that is essential to policy implementation is strong interpretation. Meaning that legislative intent need be deciphered into functioning guidelines and agendas. The concluding element necessary in operative policy implementation is also challenging to achieve. Dedication of assets to implement policy beneath the primarily element must be combined with organization of the policy with enduring processes (Policy Implementation Boundless Open Textbook. n.d.). Stakeholders in Healthcare. A Stakeholder involvement in planning, management policymaking has be brought on by new general development models. These models seek a different role for each state based on consensus, pluralistic structures and political legitimacy. Stakeholder contribution can be categorized into three forms: cooperative, instructive and consultative (Involving Stakeholders in Aquaculture Policy-making, Planning and Management. n.d.). In Cooperative involvement primary stakeholder act as companions with government in the decision processing. Consultative involvement is where government makes the primary decisions and stakeholders still have influence in the outcome and processes. Last, in Instructive involvement the government makes the choices but apparatuses occur during information interchange (Involving Stakeholders in Aquaculture Policy-making, Planning and Management. n.d.). Conclusion. The macro perspective on health policy issues can be helpful to identify how problems become policy issues and how these issues result in the creation of health care policy. Chronic diseases impact the healthcare industry in many ways. This controversial issue impacts all age groups. The Center for Managing Chronic Disease (CMCD) helps with management and prevention in chronic disease. This paper, provided an explanation of how the epidemic of Chronic Disease has resulted from a policy’s creation. Moreover, identified the steps in the policy development process. Furthermore, differentiated between policy development and implementation. Also, explained how stakeholders become involved in the process and why their voices often become a driver for change in health policy. References What is Chronic Disease?. (2011). The Center for Managing Chronic Disease. Retrieved October 13, 2014, from  http://cmcd.sph.umich.edu/what-is-chronic-disease.html Horton, R. (2005). The Lancet. The neglected epidemic of chronic disease : The Lancet. Retrieved October 13, 2014, from http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2967454-5/fulltext#bib4 Non-communicable diseases. (2014). WHO. Retrieved October 13, 2014, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/ The Lancet. (2011). Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis: The Lancet. Retrieved October 14, 2014, from http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2811%2960393-0/abstract Policy Development. (n.d.). A Brief Guide to Understanding Policy Development. Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://www.ruralnovascotia.ca/documents/policy/understanding%20policy.pd Politics and the Policymaking Process. (n.d.). The Policymaking Process. Retrieved October 12, 2014, from http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205011616.pdf Policy Implementation Boundless Open Textbook. (n.d.). Boundless. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/domestic-policy-15/policy-making-process-95/policy-implementation-516-6175/ Involving Stakeholders in Aquaculture Policy-making, Planning and Management. (n.d.). Involving Stakeholders in Aquaculture Policy-making, Planning and Management. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/AB412E/ab412e32.htm

Women’s Roles during WW1 Essay Example for Free

Women’s Roles during WW1 Essay World War 1 was a pivotal event that affected Canada in many ways. Not only for the men that fought for their country, but also for the thousands of women that contributed behind the soldiers of the front lines. It was a heavy change for them; going from dependant housewife to being employed at some of the largest industries and factories. World War 1 was centered on Europe and began in the summer of 1914 (Wikipedia). That summer changed the lives of many families in Europe, and all over the world. Men were forced to leave their homes and families behind and fight for their countries. In result of the men’s absence, women had the opportunity to take the available jobs. It was a major step in the history of women, since they were confined to their homes and specific jobs called â€Å"women’s work† before World War 1 took place. Women started to gain more freedom and responsibility, but still kept their roles at home. Little did they know that World War 1 would provide them with the opportunity to become successful and independent, and that it would change their lives forever. Women were almost obligated to fill in for the men who were away from home, which was a very big change for women. Men were the providers for their families, and the women were expected to complete the duties at home and specific women’s work. Women’s work consisted of two main trades, textile and clothing. These jobs employed far more women than men. Women rarely left the house, and they were kept very busy by fulfilling the role of mother, wife, and housekeeper. Their main job was to keep their husbands happy, and the house in an orderly fashion.

Individual Differences and Emotion Recognition Scores

Individual Differences and Emotion Recognition Scores ABSTRACT This study investigates the extent to which individual differences such as age, gender and levels of depression affect emotion recognition. Participants were tested by being shown pictures of different facial emotions – happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust and fear. Their scores were then compared against the 3 factors. The findings show significant evidence for gender and levels of depression differences, but no significant negative correlation was found for age. The findings were also supported by previous studies, except for age. The results show that the hypothesis can only be partially supported. INTRODUCTION Terracciano, Merritt, Zonderman, and Evans (2003) study tested 2 groups – African American and Caucasian of 106 and 46 participants respectively. The African American sample consisted of 51 males and 55 females and had low- socioeconomic status with an mean of 12 years of education. The Caucasian sample consisted of 24 males and 22 females with higher socioeconomic status, and an mean of 16 years of education. Two types of perception of affect task (PAT) were used – face and sentence subtask (Lane et al., 1996). The results showed that the African American group fared poorer than the Caucasian group on both the faces and sentence task. Also when education was controlled for, the differences in scores remained. The Caucasian group had significantly higher results for females over males in the face task, and also higher scores in the sentence task. However, no gender difference was found in the African American group. These results suggest that there could be also be a cu ltural variance in emotion recognition. Calder et al. (2003) study examined 48 participants, half were between 18 to 30 years old and the rest were between 58 and 70 years old. Within each age group, genders were split evenly. Also, IQ was matched between groups. There were shown a total of 60 photographs taken from the picture of facial affect series (Ekman and Friesen, 1976). Participants were shown these pictures in a random order and asked to choose the best expression label for the picture, with no time limit. Their results showed there was a significant link between emotion and age group. They also found that the older participants were significantly better at recognizing disgust. Further experiments showed that there was a clear negative relationship between recognition of facial expression and increasing age. Also, it again confirmed previous results that recognizing disgust improved with age. Comparing results between age groups showed that, there was also no significant relationship between decline in recognition scores of other emotions and age. This suggests that poorer recognition in later age might not be due to general cognitive impairment. The aim of this experiment is to determine whether individual differences like age, gender and depression levels could affect emotion recognition abilities. In the last measure –depression levels, this experiment will compare differences in scores against different facial expressions. For example, Gollan, Pane, McCloskey and Cocarro (2008) investigated patients with major depression and healthy patients, 37 and 29 participants respectively. Gender was split evenly in both groups. They measured their responses for emotion recognition task using the Picture of facial Affect (Ekman and Friesen, 1976). Their results showed that depressed patients tend to recognize neutral faces as sad faces as compared to the healthy group. However, the healthy group tend to identify neutral faces as happy faces. My hypothesis is that the ability to recognize emotions is affected by individual differences, like gender, age and levels of depression. RESULTS In this experiment, we were interested in the overall effect of gender on emotion recognition. There was one independent variable which was gender, and this was an independent measures design. The dependent variable is the sum of recognition scores, a higher score indicated better accuracy of identification. An Independent samples t-test was used. The Levene’s test of homogeneity was significant F (38, 29.01) =12.257, p=0.001. This means that the assumption of homogeneity of variance is violated. The Mann-Whitney U Test showed that there was a difference between male and female scores in recognising emotions. The mean rank of males and females was 13.75 and 27.25 respectively, z=-3.665, p Figure 1: Bar graph showing the difference in mean recognitions scores by gender. In this experiment we were interested in the relationship between age and overall emotion recognition scores. There were two variables, which was age and sum of recognition scores. A higher score indicated better accuracy of identification of emotion. The Pearson’s correlational test was used, because we want to find the relationship between two variables. The correlational test showed that there is no significant negative relationship between the two variables, r=-0.184, n= , p=0.256. Two- tailed test. Figure 2: scatterplot showing no correlation between age and sum of recognition scores. In the last experiment we were interested in the effect of level of depression on emotion recognition scores. There was one independent variable- level of depression, and 3 levels normal, mildly depressed, highly depressed by splitting the depression scores. Scores are split by 0- 9, 10-21, 22-36 respectively. The dependent variable was emotion recognition scores. A higher score indicates a better accuracy of emotion recognition. A one- way independent measures ANOVA was used. It is predicted that there would be differences between level of depression and recognition scores. Levene’s test of homogeneity was significant F (2, 37) =11.67, p A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine the differences between levels of depression and ability of emotion recognition for different facial expressions. A non-significant box’s M test, p = 0.001 indicated homogeneity of covariance matrices of the dependent variable across the levels of depression. At alpha level of 0.05, Wilk’s test was significant, p =0.022. This means that there are significant differences between levels of depression on the ability to recognize emotions. The Levene’s test of homogeneity was only significant for scores of expression of anger, disgust and happiness (p =0.007, 0.002 and Thus, the findings show that there is significant difference between levels of depression and emotion recognition. Also, there is significant difference between the levels of depression and accuracy of disgusted expression recognition scores. Figure 3: Mean total sum of recognition scores for the groups, where 0 represents normal, 1 represents mild and 2 represents high level of depression. DISCUSSION This study has found evidence that suggests individual differences, for example gender and levels of depression affects emotion recognition. However, there were no significant correlations for age. The findings from the first experiment suggest that there was significant difference in performance between genders. It suggests that females were more accurate overall at identifying emotions compared to males. It is consistent with our prediction that individual differences have an effect on emotion recognition. Our findings of females with significant higher mean scores also support Terracciano et al. (2003) study that had similar results within the Caucasian group. In the second experiment, the results suggest that there is no negative relationship between age and emotion recognition scores. These findings are not consistent with our predictions that individual differences will affect ability for emotion recognition. However, our findings also support the study of Calder et al. (2003) that also had no significant correlation between age and emotion recognition. This could suggest that emotion recognition is not a dependent variable of age. Finally, in the last experiment the findings support our hypothesis that individual differences affect emotion recognition. The findings were similar to those of Gollan et al. (2008) to a certain extent. Gollan et al. (2008) found that depressed participants had a negative processing bias for facial expressions. However, evidence in our study suggests that highly depressed participants were only significantly better in accurately recognizing disgusted expressions. Thus, from the evidence we can see that our hypothesis is only partially supported. Furthermore, a correlational test only confirms a relationship exists, it does not show a definite cause and effect. Also, the number of highly depressed participants is not equal in proportion to the whole sample. It also has a small sample size and this could result in sampling error, thus making our results unreliable. This could explain lack of other differences found between other expression scores and levels of depression. Future research should also explore cultural differences between emotion recognition. The study by Terracciano et al. (2003) found differences in performance between African American and the Caucasian group. Although one possible reason could be, that the differences in results is due to better environmental factors in the Caucasian group. Further experiments have to be carried out to determine if there was a cultural effect on emotion recognition, or if it was due to other variables. Also, another study by Matsumoto (1989) examined 15 cultures and compared t heir scores against 4 factors – Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. All four factors vary differently between cultures. By comparing their correlation we can determine if there is a culture effect on emotion recognition. Matsumoto (1989) found that there were significant negative correlations between power distance and intensity ratings of negative emotions. Also, a positive correlation between individualism and intensity ratings of anger and fear, but no significant correlation for uncertainty avoidance was found. Although Matsumoto (1989) did not find full support for his hypothesis, it is still useful to explore this area of study. Examining cultural differences in emotion recognition is useful as it can be applied to real life uses in our global environment. The experiment has shown that this hypothesis has not been fully supported. Thus, we cannot conclude that there is a definite effect of individual differences on emotion recognition. REFERENCES American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Caldera, A.J., Keanea, J., Manlya, T., Sprengelmeyerb, R., Scott, S., Nimmo-Smitha, I. Young, A.W. (2003). Facial expression recognition across the adult life span, Neuropsychologia, 41, 195–202. Ekman, P. Friesen, W.V. (1976). Pictures of Facial Affect. Palo Alto CA:Consulting Psychologists Press. Gollan, J.K., Pane, H.T., McCloskey, M.S. Coccaro, E.F. (2008) Identifying differences in biased affective information processing in major depression.Psychiatry Res, 159,18–24. Hamilton, M. (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol,6, 278-296. Lane, R.D., Sechrest, L., Reidel, R., Weldon, V., Kaszniak, A. Schwartz, G.E. (1996). Impaired Verbal and Nonverbal Emotion Recognition in Alexithymia, Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 203-210. Matsumoto, D. (1989). Cultural influences on the perception of emotion. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 92–105. Terracciano, A., Merritt, M., Zonderman, A.B., Evans, M.K. (2003). Personality Traits and Sex Differences in Emotion Recognition among African Americans and Caucasians. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1000, 309–312.

Personal Narrative- Curiosity and Me :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative- Curiosity and Me How many people wonder about holes in the ceiling and cracks on the floor? When did they happen? What caused them? Or what about when you see a cigarette in the toilet and wonder who had the guts to smoke in the girl's bathroom that day and why they chose that brand of cigarette, or why they even smoke at all. And even if people do think about these things, why? For what purpose? I guess I do it out of boredom. But is boredom really an excuse? I mean, really, how bored can a person get? I don't guess it is boredom after all, probably curiosity, which can build to all sorts of lengths, and I believe it most certainly starts there. How else can you explain why I want to know what happened to a certain somebody when a certain somebody else, punches them in the eye? I am almost positive it stems from curiosity and, that is where and how I try to make sense of this story. It begins on a nice hot July morning, with birds singing and flowers in full bloom; ok, not really. But how awesome would it be if it worked out that way. It really would put something beautiful into this mesh of words. Actually it really didn't have a starting place, but starting people. A band. All the people in this band and all the people that surrounded this band were a part of my life for almost eight months. I don't really understand why, but at first I really did enjoy hanging out with these people. I guess maybe because they were 'cool', but I mean we never really did anything cool. So basically we sat around pretending to be cool, because we were considered cool. Or maybe it was just the others that were considered cool. I really don't know, but pretending to be cool was just not all that cool to me. I don't understand how people can hang out with the same people day in and day out, just to belong. I did for so long, but I really can't tell you why, It reminds me o f a song. One of those songs you know all the words to but don't know the name of it or who sings it, you know?

Foreign Language Essay :: Essays

Antonio Machado es un poeta, que nacià ³ en Sevilla, el 26 de julio de 1875. Fue influido por el moderismo y el simbolismo pero su obra se expresa con lirica de la Generacià ³n del 98. Su ninez la paso en Sevilla y en 1883 se movià ³ con su familia a Madrid. Tenia un hermano que se llamaba Manuel Machado con el que juntos fueron a la Institucià ³n Libre de Enseà ±anza, que era privada y muy liberal. Su actitud humanitaria, liberal, y las actividades que en ella se hacà ­an, como viajes a los pueblos cercanos a Madrid y la Sierra de Guadarrama despertaron en à ©l un amor al campo y a la naturaleza que despuà ©s pudimos ver en sus poemas. En 1889 dejà ³ la institucià ³n para empezar el bachillerato (bachlors degree). El resultado no fue nada bueno aprobà ³ la Geografà ­a, pero lo suspendieron Latà ­n y Castellano y Historia de Espaà ±a. Su padre murio en 1893, y ese mismo aà ±o el publico sus primeros trabajos en La Caricatura, revista que se publicà ³ en Madrid en los aà ±os 1892 y 1893. Probablemente por su necesidad de dinero, Antonio y Manuel se van a Parà ­s. Manuel consigue un puesto de traductor en la Editorial Gamier para los libros en castellano destinados a Hispanoamà ©rica. En marzo de 1899 empieza a trabajar y tres meses despuà ©s Antonio tambien trabaja para el mismo editor. El trabajo que hacen es aburrido, cansado, y mal pagado, pero les consuela el que practican y mejoran sus conocimientos de francà ©s. Ademà ¡s, como les queda tiempo libre, vuelven a escribir versos. Pero pronto siente Antonio la trizteza de Madrid, de sus amigos, de su familia, y en el mes de octubre vuelven. En este segundo viaje a Paris, Antonio, tuvo la oportunidad de encontrarse con Rubà ©n Darà ­. Antonio le dijo sobre los poemas que escribà ­a para su primer libro, â€Å"Soledades†, y esos poemas, tan verdaderos y tristez, impresionaron a Rubà ©n, que los comentaba con su adjetivo favorito, "admirable, admirable!". Desde entonces, mostro siempre Darà ­o admira cià ³n por Antonio Machado, publicamente decia en varias ocasiones. En las à ºltimas semanas de enero de 1903, aparece el primer libro de Antonio, â€Å"Soledades† editado por la revista Ibà ©rica. En estos poemas medita sobre el tiempo pasado, recordando cuando era nino. Tambià ©n habla sobre la muerte, y palabras tan tristez como "hastà ­o", "monotonà ­a", "bostezo", "amargura", "llorar", se repiten mucho. El 27 de enero de 1939 la familia Machado llega a un pequeà ±o pueblo francà ©s, Collioure, y se instala en un hotel.

Native Americans- Minority Role Essay example -- essays research paper

Thesis Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the Native American has systematically been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that typify a subordinate or minority role, restricted life opportunities persist today as a result. I. Introduction-Majority/Minority group relations- the role of power II. Historical Overview A. Native American life before contact with the White man. B. Early contact, efforts at peaceful co-existence. C. Conflict and its consequences for Native Americans III. The continuing role of power A. Control techniques used by the majority group B. Native American life today, SES, housing, education, etc. Power and Minority Group Position: The Case of Native Americans Majority/Minority group relations can be illustrated by studying the role of power and how it is distributed between groups. The majority, or group that wields the most power, directly affects the circumstances for the minority. In most cases power struggle leads to racial and ethnic inequality. This scenario describes the case of the Native Americans. Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the Native American has systematically been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that typify a subordinate or minority role, restricted life opportunities persist today as a result (Farley, 2000). When European settlers arrived on American shores to settle a New World, around 7 million Native Americans had been settled in the wilderness north of present-day Mexico for some time. It is believed that the first Native Americans arrived during the last Ice Age, approximately 20,000 - 30,000 years ago, by crossing the Bering Strait from northeastern Siberia into Alaska. Over thousands of years, â€Å"spiritual kin-based communities† had survived by living off the land and bartering goods. Their diversity was reflected by their societies, which ranged from small, mobile bands of hunter-gatherers in the Great Basin to temple-mound builders in the Southeast (DiBacco, 1995). The encounter of early explorers with the people of the Americas would ultimately set in motion the destruction of long existing Native American life and culture. Engrained into the minds of the Europeans were prejudiced images and stereotypes of the Native Americans, which we struggle still today to eradica... ...ypes. Even still, today’s 2.1 million Native Americans have proved their resilience by surviving oppression in a world dominated by other races and cultures. Unlike other minorities who have fought for equal rights in American society, Native Americans have fought to retain their land and cultures and have avoided assimilation, at a hefty cost. Works Cited Bataille, Gretchen. The Pretend Indians: Images of Native Americans in the Movies. Iowa State University, Ames: 1980 Berkhofer, Robert F. The White Man's Indian. Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, New York, 1978. DiBacco, Thomas V., Lorna C. Mason, and Christian G. Appy. History of The United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995. Keohane, Sonja. â€Å"The Reservation Boarding School System in the United States, 1870-1928.† http://www.twofrog.com. 3/19/2005 Jordan,Winthrop D. and Leon F. Litwack. The United States. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1991. Todd, Lewis Paul and Merta Curti. Triumph of the American Nation. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Joranovich, Inc., 1986. Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper-Collins, 1980. Farley, John. Majority-Minority Relations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,2000.

Leadership and Management Essay

Initially I plan on reviewing the prevailing leadership styles in my organisation and then assessing the impact of these on the organisation’s values and performance. In order to assess the leadership styles I have produced a questionnaire (see appendix 1). The questionnaire was designed to find out how directive, participative and permissive each manager in our organisation is and then study the most prevailing style. It was evident from the information collated that the prevailing leadership style in our organisation is participative and directive rather than permissive. On assessing this information it became apparent that our manager’s leadership styles reflect a Contingency theory and they rather be present and take part in services in order to ensure controlled success. Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theories that claim there is no best way to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the best action is contingent (dependent) upon the situation. Several contingency approaches were developed in the1960s. They suggested that previous theories such as Weber’s bureaucracy and Taylor’s Scientific Management had failed because they neglected that management style and organisational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment: known as contingency factors. There could not be â€Å"one best way† for leadership or organisation. Historically, contingency theory has attempted to formulate broad views about formal structures that are typically associated with or best fit the use of different organisations. This perspective originated with the work of Joan Woodward (1958), who argued that skills directly determine differences in such organisational attributes as a span of control, centralisation of authority, and the formalisation of rules and procedures. My Organisation Values and Performance The organisation that I work for delivers a range of high quality services and projects, these services follow the principles of empowering communities, developing lives, furthering equality, diversity and inclusion and strengthening local voluntary sector delivery. These principles dictate the values in which we function. We are very much a voluntary sector, charitable organisation ensuring that at the heart of our services are the people that access them. Performance is measured through a set of service delivery indicators which form the base of our promises to funding bodies, staff, volunteers and customers in everything we do. These indicators are measured via our service development plan. Each year we publish an Annual Report based on our Service Delivery Indicators, which measure our progress and informs the public of our work over the previous year in delivering against our priorities. (See Appendix 2 for our organisations SDI’s) Our organisation values and performance clearly highlight a need for the leadership to be open and receptive. This allows us to except feedback and input from our service users. A directive and participatory leadership style is imposed by managers in our organisation for staff; however when dealing with service users we have to adopt a more directive style to ensure commination is clear and there is no room for bought. We have found in the past when we have given service users who are vulnerable and have mental health difficulties an opportunity to contribute to services they feel empowered, however they need time and guidance in order to make informed decisions. Effectiveness of my Own Leadership Style On assessing my own leadership style I appeared to be more directive, in the middle when it came to participation, however I did not seem to be very permissive. The results did not surprise me and seemed to be consistent with my approach. I tend to direct staff by the use of many models including action plans which are produced in team meeting and each member of staff is allocated actions, timescales, budget and directions. I am participatory when tasks are being carried out I ensure I understand the delivery method and observe when necessary. For example if we are promoting a new group I will ensure all promotion literature is checked by me prior to going out and visit the new group to view session delivery. I do not hide away form front line delivery and ensure I gage with staff, clients and volunteers therefore I understand the reason why on my leadership assessment I did not score highly on being permissive. Therefore I feel my management style suits the organisation. However with the changing nature of our organisation leading towards a more business-like approach I may find I have to review my management style. I may need to become more permissive, less participatory and even more directive. This will ensure I can work more strategically to order to retain services and staff. Changing my approach may be difficult for my staff to accept, however explaining that their jobs may be at risks if I do not manage differently may put it all into perspective. By applying a Contingency theory mentioned earlier I should be able to manage this effectively. I asked my staff to assess my leadership style using the questionnaire I produced and gave to fellow managers (Appendix 1). The results mirrored my self assessment, demonstrating that I understand my own leadership style well and that the staff have the same opinion. Apply Own Leadership Style in Range of Situations Over the last two weeks I have begun to assess my own leadership style in a variety of situations. These have mainly taken the form of meetings. I have chaired a client/volunteer meeting and a full staff meeting. My leadership style tended to change in these situations. I became less formal with the client and volunteer meeting in order to project at their level of understanding. Less detail was presented and less decision making was required. The meeting was more informative and decisions had been made by the staff team prior to the meeting. Feedback and participation was welcomed however it was in a manner in which it could be controlled so as a staff team we could make informed decisions.

Explain why women failed to gain the right to vote between 1900 and 1914?

At the beginning of the ordinal century British women were seen as second-class citizens. This started to careen in 1900, as women craved the indemnify to select and they were prepared to do anything it required to obtain it. Their goal was extended because of the numerous hurdles along the mode and they didnt come in the suffrage for many years. some(prenominal) of the hurdles they faced were cultural. It was believed that women couldnt learn their suffer views they would only do as their husbands told them. near muckle design that women couldnt make policy-making decisions as they werent intelligent enough and they shouldnt because regime was a mans game.An opposite cultural bulwark was the roles women played in the society. One on hand, due to poor education and moderate opportunities working-class women had low status, low give jobs. They had long working hours and didnt have suit able-bodied quantify to get involved in the struggle for the ballotr turnout. On the different hand, roughly middle and upper-class women felt that their vocation was at home, and didnt want to get implicated.A reason why women didnt get the vote was their profess fault. The women who wanted the vote were coupled in their aim exclusively change integrity in blast. The of import womens society separates had genuinely different methods of getting what they wanted. Most people thought that if the women couldnt agree accordingly mayhap they didnt deserve the vote.The Suffragists were a peaceful group who believed that protests should be carried out without violence. They thought that the vote would come in due time, afterwards all New Zealand had already apt(p) the vote to women who had used their techniques. The second group, the Womens liberty League accepted breaking the jurisprudence as long as protests didnt turn violent. A protest they organised was refvictimization to go into in a census. The final group, the Suffragettes, believed in l aw breaking and violent protests. An infamous protest they organised was when all members produced bricks and hammers from their handbags and stony-broke windows in Oxford Street. It is often say that the Suffragettes were a main obstacle in getting the vote as the government refused to be perceived as succumbing to violence. many an(prenominal) other hurdles in the path of achiever were the policy-making situations. The button-down government came into origin in 1900 and this was a major turnabout for the womens suffrage movement. This government was steadfast in its conviction that women should never get the vote. 1906 apothegm the liberal government come into origin as the conservatives became old-fashi iodined. The contemporary government was in opt of women getting the vote but was reluctant to make this possible in case upper-class women voted conservative.There were much pressing political sheers to resolve than the issue of womens suffrage. The arms race with Ger many was at its natural elevation from 1908-1911 and the government had to make sure that Britain stayed ahead. The evoke of affairs in Ireland was a main concern Ireland was on the rink of courtly war. The government was in the process of move down the foundations of the welfare state, this included benefits comparable old age pensions and national insurance.The signboard of Lords could block any laws that it did non want, this necessitate to be changed forrader womens vote identity card was put through as the conservative majority would veto it. In the 1911 parliament Act the House of Lords blocking magnate was stopped and they were permitted to delay laws by a maximum of dickens years. The House of Lords as yet managed to use the new law to their usefulness and managed to delay the votes for women bill from 1912 to 1914.In conclusion, in that respect were many factors preventing women from getting the vote whether political or cultural. The most influential factor s were the political as they prolonged the struggle for the vote for many years. But even though the political reasons were the most important, no person factor could have caused women to abstain from receiving the vote without the others.Explain why women failed to gain the right to vote between 1900 and 1914Women was trying to get the vote many years before 1900. At this period of time women lived in a male dominated society. It was thought by the men that, women would vote for who their friends were select for, and vote for irelivent issues. umpteen thought that women didnt have a political mind to vote. alike many men thought in that location wasnt enough women to vote to make a residual to the result. Rich men could submit the female family members into voting in the mode of their opinion. They got more votes than normal people.The law had been changing slowly, in womens favour. The law kept changing, until women could own their own property. But only if the women wher e married. later 1900, there was a more progressive period of campaigning by the issue Union of Womens Sufferage Societies. These societies were created by Millicent Fawcett in 1887. Many women wanted action earlier than later, so the suffragette movement was born. Also with the formation of the Womens amicable and Political Union (WSPU) by Emmeline Pankhurst, and her two daughters Christabel and Sylvia. These women was not happy with the cautious approach that the National Union took.Women protests didnt change anything. well-nigh politics had changed in womens favour, but this was zero major. The protests never changed the goverments mind. As the goverment did nothing the suffergettes started using criminal acts as sign of protest. This started as petty as breaking windows, then got serious as arson and creating explosions.Herbert Asquith, the infraway prime minister at that time wasnt a supporter of women getting the vote. He said that I do not think you will bring this ch ange about until you have satisfied the awkward that the majority of women are in favour of it. His position made a difference as whatever he said went. To prevent a the law divergence through, he called a general election. So whatever the suffragettes did had go through the goverment again.The acts of the suffergettes were peaceful. Many of them being of criminal nature. Emily davison, being one of the most famous sufferegettes, by throwing herself under the kings horse at the derby, in 1913. She died quartette days later. Many of the criminal acts were ploted at meetings through out the country. When some of the sufferegettes were direct to prison, they went on hunger strike. So they where able to be released from prison. Eventhough in some prisons many wome where subjected to torture, through force feeding.The women had no other ideas to get the vote. None of the acedemic writings had not worked for 150 years. This changed at the outbreak of homo war one. Many women had to wo rk, and they showed patratism for their country. These were dramatic changes in the attitudes and rights by 1918.