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Hamurabis Code Essay Example for Free

Hamurabis Code Essay Hammurabi, ruler and boss minister of Babylonia from 1792-1750 B.C., extended his realm enormously before centering his energies toward riches and equity for his kin. He made a code ensuring all classes of Babylonian culture, including ladies and slaves called Hammurabi’s Code. He looked for assurance of the feeble from the amazing and the poor from the rich. The cutting on the stone proposes he got the code of laws from the sun god. Having a predictable and reported, albeit brutal, arrangement of rules settled their general public. Individuals had rules for conduct and could design their lives somewhat better. The were most likely less private fights and feuds and shameful acts subsequently for these codes. Albeit considered seriously unforgiving by todays Standards, Hammurabi’s code rebuffed criminals and remunerated the great practitioners. The real laws go from open to private issues, with compassionate ways to deal with human issues. There were three classes in the Babylonian culture: the patrician, who were the free people; the plebeians, who were the normal people; and the slaves. While the patricians were secured by the law of reprisal, the lower classes got just financial remuneration. The laws incorporate nearly everything from marriage and family relations to assurance of property. In spite of the fact that contrasted with todays gauges some may consider Hammurabi’s laws unforgiving, compromising serious disciplines for wrongdoings against property, land, and trade The effect of Hammurabi’s code made the realm more grounded and made sure about. The Code of Hammurabi is huge on the grounds that its creation permitted men, ladies, slaves, and all others to peruse and comprehend the laws that administered their lives in Babylonia. The code of laws urged individuals to acknowledge authority of a ruler, who was attempting to give basic principles to oversee the subjects conduct. Despite the fact that it follows the act of tit for tat, it doesn't take into consideration vigilante equity, but instead requests a preliminary by judges. It likewise praises demonstrations of harmony and equity done during Hammurabi’s rule. It represents not just the rise of equity in the brains of men, yet additionally man’s ascend above obliviousness and boorishness toward the serene and just social orders despite everything sought after today. In the expressions of Hammurabi as cut on the stone, Let any abused man who has a reason come into the nearness of my sculpture as lord of equity, and have the engraving on my stele read out, and hear my valuable words, that my stele may put forth the defense clear to him; may he comprehend his motivation, and may his heart be made felt relaxed! Taking everything into account, Humurabi’s code were a code of laws made for the bablylonians by their lord and ruler, Hammurabi. These codes were made to ensure all the classes of the Babylonian individuals and make life simpler to live everyday. The code of laws applies to the whole Babylonian culture. The punishments of the code changed by the status of the person in question. The reason for the Code of Hammurabi was to utilize political capacity to make normal bonds among the different individuals of the general public. It extraordinarily impacted a complete reliance on the intensity of their one ruler, and it was a cognizant exertion to magnify the lord as the source, the main source, of natural forces. It bound together the realm by offering the gauges for virtues, class structure, sexual orientation connections, and religion. It was the most significant of all Mesopotamian commitments to development.

Women Role in Christianity and Islam

A Christian Woman is a lady who adores God more than herself. She is a lady who appeals to God for her family, her congregation, her administration and her nation. She is a lady who peruses God's Word and places Him first in her life. From the earliest starting point of the early Christian church, beginning with Jesus, ladies were significant individuals from the development. The instances of the way of Jesus uncover his mentalities toward ladies and show over and over how he freed and certified ladies. Both complementarians and egalitarians consider Jesus to be treating ladies with empathy, effortlessness and respect. 2] The accounts of the New Testament, particularly Luke, regularly notice Jesus addressing or helping ladies freely and transparently, in spite of the social standards of the time. Jesus had female adherents who were his sponsors,[Lu 8:1-3] and he halted to communicate worry for the ladies of Jerusalem on his approach to be crucified,[Lu 23:26-31] while Mary Magdalene is recorded to be the main individual to have the benefit of seeing Jesus after restoration. [Mk 16:9] The job of ladies in Christianity today depends for the most part upon the setting where ladies get themselves or decide to be associated with. Progressively preservationist Bible-accepting ladies will tend their investment in chapel initiative and so forth. The advanced womens rights development has dramatically affected the job of ladies in Christian places of worship. â€Å"Women in Christianity† is a huge and complex subject with various measurements as Christianity is perhaps the biggest religion on the planet rehearsed in various social orders and societies around the globe. At the point when we manage the subject of â€Å"Women in Christianity† we have to comprehend that Christianity as that exists today is a blend of various categories with Catholics and Protestants being the standard divisions. Further it is judicious to dive into the historical backdrop of Christianity to comprehend the job of ladies in this religion. In early Christianity there was no different jobs endorsed for people and ladies were not recognized independently from men. This was regardless of the way that the general public in West Asia around then was profoundly man centric in nature. Ladies in Christianity: The early Christian prophets From West Asia, Christianity spread to old Greece and Rome which were absolutely male centric social orders. In these social orders ladies and youngsters were hought of as resources or assets held by the leader of the family. People were recognized independently in this sort of set up and ladies were commonly viewed as substandard compared to men. During these occasions Christians accepted that the world will end soon and Christ will come to earth for the subsequent time. There were numerous ladies educators and prophets in Christianity in those days who had faith in t his suggestion and went their way in lecturing this regulation. Ladies in Christianity: Wave of progress in twentieth century Just in the twentieth century things began changing in Christianity. With the places of worship loosing quite a bit of their clout and force in the twentieth century, with fair governments immovably settled in numerous nations in Europe just as in America and with religion getting isolated from legislative issues things began to change in an emotional manner in Christianity that was never pondered in the last 2,000 years of the religion. Everything began with the early women's activist developments and crested with the second flood of woman's rights from the time of 1960s. This period saw a significant change in the status of ladies in Christianity as a religion. Ladies' privileges came in the cutting edge. Ladies in Christianity: Women's freedom development The time of 1960s and from that point can be considered as the start of the â€Å"women's freedom movement† in history which supported social, social, political and strict equity of the sexual orientation. In spite of the fact that the ladies' freedom development went max speed in this period the man centric set up didn't disappear accordingly and the idea of sexual dualism despite everything existed. This idea not just saw the contrasts among people in minor organic terms however it additionally positioned and applied qualities to these distinctions. For example, men were viewed as progressively hopeful, otherworldly, and mystic than ladies. Then again, ladies were believed to be progressively enthusiastic, natural, and physical than men. This was a senario of supreme â€Å"gender stereotyping† and it existed from last 2,000 years. It was just the ladies' development in 1960s that moved these sort of speculation to some effect. Ladies in Christianity: The strict right and the liberal women's activist philosophical development It is very regular that the Religious Right censures women's activists, who challenge the predominance of men. They in certainty oppose everything about the women's activist development. For instance they even abhorrence the liberal government assistance arrangements for ladies in light of the fact that under such approaches, single parents who need to bring up their kids and the monetarily desperate are helped monetarily. The Religious Right view such help as forestalling the foundation of conventional families. They likewise dismiss the relativism of human presence and thusly they are narrow minded to different perspectives, societies and religions. They put stock in the absolutism and virtue of Christian qualities and convention. For the strict right â€Å"Patriarchal Christianity† is the focal center of all presence. Anything outside this focal center must be opposed and totally dismissed. The progressions that occurred in the Christian culture in the last 200 years have additionally influenced different societies and religions in a significant way. The women's activist development owes its foundations to the Christian culture and gratitude to it woman's rights has become a worldwide wonder today which advocates sexual orientation based fairness and completion of a wide range of segregations and inclination against ladies. Truth be told the investigation of the job of â€Å"women in Christianity† rises above the range of â€Å"religion† and gives us a wide viewpoint of the battle of ladies from the most recent 200 years for a privilege to an honorable and important life.

The Brides of Christ Essay Sample free essay sample

Strictness and spiritualty played of import work in Latin America in the start of the 19Thursdaycentury. Numerous grown-up females chose to come in religious communities and cloisters to show individual devotion and regard. Besides. the Torahs were extremely thorough and the councils didn’t pay unnecessarily much taking care of justness and cautious investigation of condemnable examples. In this way. the part portrays frontier Latin America. in curious the life of grown-up females who were treated as a second kind. For representation. numerous grown-up females had to come in religious communities. to go forward their children and to get hitched work powers they didn’t need to. Basically expressing. women’s rights were segregated and disregarded. Nonetheless. positive minutes were other than present in the life of pioneer grown-up females. For delineation. grown-up females with hard fortunes were furnished with safe house to keep away from exploitative methods of continuance. Poor widows needed to look for security in the recogimiento each piece great as white and arranged blood youthful fills who stood by to take an area. We will compose a custom paper test on The Brides of Christ Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Be that as it may. it was difficult to disassociate and teams needed to hold up hebdomads and months to pull off their private individual businesss. Recogomientos served of import maps in the public arena. despite the fact that with mature ages their position has changed. In the 19Thursdaycentury recogimientos and courts concluded whether to punish grown-up females whose conduct was considered flippant. disrespectful or evil. Pioneer grown-up females were rebuffed for female fornicatresss and harlotry. With mature ages recogimientos were the spots for humble harlotry and along these lines for monetarily penniless grown-up females. The section other than depicts orphanhoods saying that authoritiess were obliged to set up in any event one orphanhood in the city. Summing up. the life of frontier Latin grown-up females was hard as they were tested by imbalance and sex partiality. Clearly. work powers were administering in those occasions. In any case. specific gatherings of grown-up females were ensured by specific foundations and it promised them relative wellbeing and trust in future. Tip top women’s life was simpler. in spite of the fact that they needed to go to hoards day by day.

Pregnenolone Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions

Pregnenolone Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions Holistic Health Print The Health Benefits of Pregnenolone The Supplement That Is Promoted for Brain Health By Cathy Wong Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Caitilin Kelly, MD on November 24, 2019 Caitilin Kelly, MD, is a clinical physician at  Indiana University  Health Bloomington Hospital and is board-certified in internal medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Caitilin Kelly, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Pregnenolone is a steroid hormone that plays a key role in the production of other steroid hormones, including progesterone, DHEA, and estrogen. The substance is found naturally in the body, but some people also take it in supplement form to help keep memory sharp through the years. Verywell / Cindy Chung Health Benefits Proponents claim that taking pregnenolone supplements can help to combat age-related memory impairment, as well as protect against a variety of health conditions. In alternative medicine, pregnenolone is said to aid in the treatment of the following health problems: Alzheimers diseaseallergiesarthritisdepressionendometriosisfatiguefibrocystic breast conditionmenopausal symptomsmultiple sclerosispremenstrual syndromepsoriasisscleroderma Pregnenolone is also used to sharpen memory, reduce stress, stimulate the immune system, promote detox, prevent heart disease, and slow the aging process. Although a number of animal and human studies published in the 1940s indicated that pregnenolone may help manage arthritis and reduce stress, more recent research on pregnenolone is fairly limited. However, several studies published in recent years suggest that pregnenolone may offer certain health benefits. Heres a look at some key findings from those studies. Memory Preliminary research shows that pregnenolone may help protect against aging-related memory impairment. In a 2001 report published in Brain Research Reviews, for instance, investigators analyzed the available studies on steroid hormones and their effects on learning and memory in the aging brain. But while research in animals demonstrated that pregnenolone may enhance memory, the reports authors note that human-based studies on pregnenolone and memory have yielded mixed results. Depression Pregnenolone may help alleviate depression, according to an animal-based study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 2012. In tests on rats, the studys authors determined that pregnenolone may help relieve depression by treating abnormalities in certain components of brain cells. Schizophrenia Pregnenolone shows promise in the treatment of schizophrenia, according to a report published in Neuroscience in 2011. In their analysis of the available research on pregnenolone and schizophrenia (including a number of animal-based studies and several pilot studies in humans), the reports authors found that pregnenolone may benefit schizophrenia patients by affecting steroid compounds in the brain. The report also indicates that pregnenolone may aid in schizophrenia treatment by increasing brain levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Possible Side Effects Due to a lack of research, little is known about the safety of long-term or regular use of pregnenolone supplements. However, theres some concern that pregnenolone may trigger a number of side effects, including insomnia, anxiety, mood changes, headache, and irregular heart rhythm. It also has the potential to cause facial hair growth or hair loss. Since pregnenolone can influence hormone levels, avoid using pregnenolone if you have or are at risk for hormone-sensitive conditions (such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids). California requires a label regarding a possible risk of promoting hormone-dependent cancers. Dosage and Preparation There is not enough scientific data to provide a recommended dose of pregnenolone. Due to the limited research, its too soon to recommend pregnenolone as a treatment for any condition.  Its also important to note that self-treating a condition and avoiding or delaying standard care may have serious consequences. If youre considering using it for any health purpose, make sure to consult your physician first. Keep in mind that supplements havent been tested for safety and dietary supplements are largely unregulated. In some cases,  the product may deliver doses that differ from the specified amount for each herb. In other cases, the product may be contaminated with other substances such as metals.  Also, the safety of supplements in  pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, and those with medical conditions or who are taking medications has not been established. What to Look For If youre seeking a natural remedy to help preserve memory, some studies show that increasing your intake of antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids may have memory-enhancing effects. A number of alternative therapies may also aid in the treatment of depression. For example, herbs such as St. Johns wort might help relieve symptoms of depression, while mind-body practices like acupuncture and meditation could help improve mood. Additionally, regular exercise and time spent outdoors have been shown to reduce stress and improve mood.

Aspects of Human Resource Management globalization - Free Essay Example

Executive Summary: The report aims to discuss aspects of Human Resource Management in light of the ever changing business world given the globalization of businesses today. Globalization has seen changes in the way businesses work and are expected to deliver investor value. Companies started competing not just with local competitors but with organizations across continents which forced companies to relook at continuously innovating and providing a unique value to its customers to retain them. Talent Sourcing and Talent Development within an organization have become a science that identify and accept that diverse employee base form the backbone of a business and are responsible for contributing towards achievement of organizations global goals and directly impacting competitiveness and delivering that Investor value. This report will discuss: The concept of Globalization The increasing diversity of the workforce The changing nature of the workplace The impact of Human Resource Management functions in work organizations. Table of Contents:- 1. Introduction 2. Main Body with examples 3. Critical Success Factors with examples Recommendations 4. Conclusion 5. References Human Resource Management in a Globalized Economy Introduction Early in the 1800s during the times of Industrialization, the approach to managing workforce was primitive task drive approach. Historically, Henry Fords assembly lines and Studies of Frederick Taylor such as the time and motion studies thought of improving productivity by putting employees in line with mechanics. They tried to boost productivity by designing the way work is carried out. They focussed purely on productivity since productivity was what gave profits and therefore competitive edge. Workforce was put them in the same league as machines inviting organization conflict and distraction from the goal. As globalized environment changed the rules of the game, Organizations realized that employees and their talents is the single most important supply of sustainable competitive advantage. Employees are the ones that deploy scarce resources optimally. To survive and to succeed, organization need to leverage its human resource capitals talents to develop new products and servi ces and creating value for customers. This marked change in attitude of managements saw the emergence of concept of Global Human Resource Management which characterizes implementation of personnel policies to maximize objectives of organizational integrity, employee commitment, flexibility and quality at a global level. Global Human Resource Management hence becomes very important since globalization and international operations bring with them challenges beyond a simple Human Resource Management program at a local level. Global Human Resource Management not only covers International recruitment Appropriate training and development Deployment of these resources But also goes beyond simple HRM in maintaining affable international industrial relations. With international operations, managing the employee base worldwide has its own challenges. P Morgan: There are 2 sets of variables when it comes to HRM in for an International Organization First -employee types Second Political, labour laws, culture, legal environment, economic, and practices prevailing in different countries A successful HRM model for an international organization is the successful interplay between these 2 sets. Clearly there is a need to go beyond basic HRM practices to include: More functions and activities In depth wisdom of employment law of the host country Close involvement with employees personal variables Provide for external influences Exposure to newer hurdles and risks Managing differential pay packages Managing ethnic, gender differences More liasoning activities More travel and coordination Higher management of unknown risk variables beyond the country where the headquarters are based It is imperative that Human Resources Management models are deployed in a global context to ensure success. Main Body The Concept of Globalization: While Global trade itself is not a new concept, Globalization is. Globalization can be defined as a process of trade and investment transcending political boundaries undertaken by an interaction of people, processes, entities and spurred on by advances in political systems, technology, business ethics and affecting culture, environment societies leading to cross border prosperity. International trades have been undertaken historically. Traders have traded goods and services over large distances travelling by land and sea. Eg, The silk route that connected the Western World with Central Asia China during the Middle Ages. As time progressed further, we see that cross-border trade, investment immigration boomed. Eg. Since the middle of the 20th Century to today world trade has exponentially grown by 20 times. Only in the last 5 years of the 20th Century, foreign investment currency flow went to US$ 827 billion from a meagre US$ 468 billion. This has had an impact on fiscal policies of governments that have opened up its economies in a controlled manner, both domestically as well as beyond their borders. Eg. The 1991 Financial Budget given by then Finance Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh was figuratively the door to globalization for India. India hasnt looked back since in terms of its growth and prosperity. India adopted a free-market economic system. This greatly increased its own production potential and created a bouquet of opportunities for its own companies and organizations across the world for international trade and investment. Companies started growing by virtue of the geography of their businesses and operations: HRM in the face of such Globalized businesses: In such a dynamic environment today Human Resource Management in a global paradigm involves the manpower planning of staffing requirements the world over, selection of the right candidates, training development of employees for global operations. Since it is established that human resources form the backbone of any strategy, implementation of any strategy to succeed globally with Human Resource Management at its core can provide a strategic competitive edge. Human Resource function in this environment has to provide a support function to line manager by providing guidelines, searching, training, and evaluating employees. With an effective HRM function deployed, the organization would be able to leverage the knowledge, experiences and the skills of its distinctive employee bases the world over. The Increasing Diversity of the Workforce: As Globalization gains steam and becomes the norm, the employee base of multinationals has become varied and rich with nationals from all over the globe. Human Resources across companies have become homogenized, enriching the organizations with depth of knowledge about variables affective markets both within the countries as well as between them. The most successful organizations are ones which utilize this resource to the maximum. Having an experienced employee from a remote market on the team is a natural consequence towards better understanding new market dynamics and new consumer behaviour. Culture in different countries or the mode of doing business in different countries is also different Deal Focus Relationship Focus Country wise distribution: Formal Culture Informal Culture Country wise distribution: Therefore HRM today for an international organization, has to consider Differences in HR practices in the local organizations Perception of HR as a function. Attitude and actions of headquarters towards HR Resistance to change in a myriad of different situations Cultural differences in teaching and assimilating styles The Changing Nature of the Workplace: A diverse organisation will out-think and out-perform a homogeneous organisation every single time. A. Lafley, CEO Procter Gamble Global competition presents a case for Global co-operation. Today, more than ever before, employees find themselves rubbing shoulders with someone from a different culture, race and society on an everyday basis. HR departments in these multinationals have to recruit, develop and retain people who have vastly different backgrounds. This has resulted in new skills to succeed such as sensitivity and other relational aspects. This is termed as cultural intelligence. Cultural intelligence is defined as the capability to adapt effectively across different national, organizational and professional cultures (Earley, Ang and Tan, 2005). Today employees across industries are given job roles globally, taking them around the world. In this new environment employees from home country as well as the expatriate have to learn how to work with each other given that they not only think and communicate differently but also execute differently. The Human Resource Departments need to develop their cultural intelligence to manage this diversity in their companies. The departments have to allow for newer challenges in the face of international employee deployment such as Managing international assignments Employee and family adjustment Selecting the right person for a foreign assignment Culture, communication and gauge Language and communication Staffing Function in an International Organization: Staffing in an international organization goes beyond simply forecasting requirements and selection of the right candidates to fit a job description. It is also a tool to develop and promote the organizations own value system and culture. In an international scenario the following models could be deployed: An Ethnocentric staffing policy A Polycentric staffing policy or a Geocentric staffing policy ETHNOCENTRIC STAFFING POLICY: In this policy, top management positions filled by parent-country nationals. It is actually the best suited to international organizations. Advantages: If the host nation does not have qualified managers, the vacancies can easily be filled The culture of the HQ is easy to spread. Easy transfer of key skills and operating procedures Disadvantages: May result in bitterness in host country Deterrent to cultural diversity POLYCENTRIC STAFFING POLICY When this policy is deployed Host-country nationals manage subsidiaries and parent company nationals hold key headquarter positions. Multi-domestic organizations can benefit from this Advantages: Help rich cultural diversity Implementation is cost effective Easy transfer of key skills and operating procedures Disadvantages: Limits chances of host country employees getting exposure outside their own nation Possibility of gap in mission, values and work culture between HQ and host country operations GEOCENTRIC STAFFING POLICY This policy seeks best people, regardless of nationality. Transnational organizations and Global entities can benefit from this Advantages: Optimum deployment of optimum resources Employees get exposure to different cultures Creates a centralized value system Disadvantages: Local immigration policies may inhibit 100% deployment Higher costs associated with training and relocation May require complex Compensation structures to succeed. The Expatriate Dichotomy: Further when a citizen of one country works in another country, HRM needs to take care of a myriad of issues without which there is a strong chance of failure and a premature return of the employee to his home country The costs associated with failure are not low and are generally estimated at three times the expats annual salary in addition to the costs associated with relocation The issues that can crop up when expats are deployed: Immediate family may not adjust to a new environment The employee may not adjust Other personal issues Culture shock May not be able to cope up with bigger responsibilities Based on how complex the business is and strength of the HR function, it is important to deploy the ideal staffing policy. Recruitment and Selection: International Labour Market Sources Parent Country Nations (PCNs) PCNs are managers who are citizens of the Country where the MNC is headquartered. The reasons for using PCNs include The desire to provide the companys more promising managers with international experience The need to maintain and facilitate organisational coordination and control The unavailability of managerial talent in the host country The companys view of the foreign operation as short lived The host countrys multi-racial population The belief that a parent country manager is the best person for the job. Host Country Nationals (HCNs) HCNs are local managers hired by MNCS The reasons for using HCNs Familiar with the culture, language Less expensive, know the way things done, rules of local market Hiring them is good public relation Third Country Nationals (TCNs) TCNs are managers who are citizens of countries other than the one in which the MNC is headquartered o r the one in which it is assigned to work by the MNC. The reason for using TCNs These people have the necessary expertise They were judged to be the best ones for the job. Selection procedure of Expatriates Use of selection test Technical Ability Cross cultural requirements Following traits are identified s predictors of expatriate success Cultural empathy Adaptability Diplomacy Language ability Positive attitude Emotional stability and maturity Family requirements Multinational requirements Management philosophy or approach The mode of operation involved The duration of assignment The amount of knowledge transfer inherent in the expatriates job in foreign operation Language skills Expatriate Success factors Willing and motivated to go overseas Technically able to do the job Adaptable Good interpersonal skills and be able to form relationship Good communication ability Supportive families Adaptabi lity to cultural change Work experience with cultures other than ones own Previous overseas travel Knowledge of foreign language Ability to integrate with different people, cultures, and type of business organisation The ability to sense developments in the host country and accurately evaluate them The ability to solve problems within different frameworks an from different perspectives Sensitivity to subtle differences of culture, politics, religion and ethics in addition to individual differences Flexibility in managing operations on a continuous basis, despite of lack of assistance and gaps in information Globalized HRM role Two major types of adjustments that an expatriate must make when going on an overseas assignment. Anticipatory adjustment Carried on before he leaves for the assignment It is influenced by following factors predeparture training pervious experience In-country adjustment Takes place on site It is influenced by following factors Ability to maintain a positive outlook in high pressure Jobs as reflected by the role he plays in managing, authority he has to make decisions, newness of work-related challenges and the amount of role conflicts Organisation culture Non work factors toughness with he faces new cultural experience, family adjustment with new country Socialisation factor to know what is what and who is who Expatriate Training and Development Need for Training to Expatriate Cost of expatriate failure is very high To build a team of internationally oriented, committed and competent personnel Minimize personal problems such as politeness, punctuality, tactfulness, orderliness, sensitivity, reliability, tolerance and empathy Improve overall management style Pre-departure Training- Emphasises on cultural awareness and business customs of the country of posting to cope with unexpected events in a new country. Post-departure Training helps in minimising culture shock and depression that usually sets in a new country and culture. Cultural Integrator An individual who is responsible for ensuring that the operations and systems are in accordance with the local culture. He advises guides and recommends action needed to ensure this synchronisation. Even though expatriate are trained before being sent abroad, they are still not totally prepared to deal with the day-to-day cultural challenges because t hey lack field experience. He is responsible for handling problems between the subsidiary and host cultures. He may be from parent country or host country who has intimate knowledge of the companys culture and can view operations from both sides. He can only advice ore recommend a course of action. Management philosophy and training Ethnocentric companies will provide all training at the HQ. Polycentric companies will rely on local managers to assume responsibilities for seeing that the training function is carried our wherever appropriate. Geocentric companies organise training courses in different parts of the world, where a particular function is best carried out. Regiocentric companies organise training courses in different countries of the region. Cultural Awareness Training There are five types of pre-departure training Area studies that include environmental briefing and cultural orientation Cultural assimilators Language training Sen sitivity training and Field experience To decide the rigour and level of training, following factors are important degree of interaction required in the host culture similarities between home and host cultures If interaction is low and similarities are high, then training should be on task and job related issues rather than culture related issues. If interaction is high and similarities are low, then training should be on cross cultural skill development as well as task. Preliminary visits average duration will be about one week A well planned overseas trip for candidate and spouse provides a preview to access their suitability for job, introduction to host country management, accommodation required, and schooling facilities available. Language training Types of cross cultural training Environment briefing about geography, climate, housing and schools Cultural orientation to familiarise with cultural institutions and value system of host countr y Cultural assimilators to provide intercultural encounters Language training Sensitivity training to develop attitudinal flexibility Field experience to make expatriate familiarise with the challenges of assignment Cultural Assimilators It is a programmed learning technique that is designed to expose members of one culture to some of the basic concepts, attitudes, role perceptions, customs and values of another culture. These assimilators are developed for one culture where the candidate is currently working and the other culture is where he is proposed to be posted. Type of assimilators The trainee read a short episode of cultural encounter and choose an interpretation of has happened and why. Critical incidents: to be identified as a critical incident, a situation must meet at least of the following conditions: An expatriate and a host interact in the situation The situation is puzzling or likely to be misinterpreted by the expatriate The si tuation can be accurately interpreted if sufficient knowledge about the culture is available The situation is relevant to the expatriates task or mission requirements Compensation Management Factors Influencing Compensation Programmes Compensation decisions are strategic decisions and play a key role It should be consistent with overall strategy, structure and business needs of MNC It must attract and retain the best staff It must facilitate the transfer of international employees in a cost effective manner. It should give due consideration to equity and ease at administration. It requires the knowledge of employment and taxation laws, customs, cost of living index, environment and employment practices, the knowledge of labour markets and industry norms, foreign currency fluctuations. Paying Expatriates: unique problems Discrepancies in pay between PCN, HCN and TCN The need to vary expatriate compensation depending on the life cycle of the expatriates family Compensation issues related to re-entry into the parent country organisation Approaches to Expatriates Compensation Going Rate Approach Base salary remains linked to the salar y structure of the host country. Required information is obtained through compensation surveys and published information. This approach is favoured by polycentric organisation Advantage Equality with local nationals and expatriates of different nationals Simple approach Attract the nationals of PCN and TCN if location is a high-pay country Disadvantage Transfer from a developed country to a developing country Fighting for getting favourable posting and resisting low pay country postings Problems when the expatriates repatriated to the home country An export or import or franchising arrangement Company appoints an export manager who reports to chief of marketing and all operations concerning export and imports are controlled by the home office Balance Sheet Approach It links the salary of expatriates and TCNs to home country salary structure. Assumption Foreign assignees should not suffer financially due to transfer Salary package is d ivided into goods and services, housing, income taxes and reserve. Cultural Impact and Compensation Policy National cultural difference High power-distance the compensation system should reflect hierarchical divisions in the firm. Low power-distance the salary system should be more egalitarian and performance based. Individual cultures rewards should be given on an individual basis. Collectivist cultures they should be team based. Culture with high masculinity compensation policy focus on social benefits, quality of work life and equity. Culture with high uncertainty avoidance structured and consistent pay plans are preferred with no variable plans and discretionary allocation. Culture with low uncertainty avoidance pay should be linked to performance. Performance Management in International Organisations Performance Management and its link with other HR Processes Reward Management Human Resource Planning Training and Development Process Relationship with strategy Multinational Performance Management Whole vs part Non-comparable data Volatility of the international environment Separation by time and distance HQ-subsidiary interdependence Ethical and legal issues Market Maturity Performance Management of expatriates decisions and play a key role Setting clear goals for each unit, each department and each employee Goals must be mutually supportive and balanced for long and short term needs. Setting standard and measurement criteria for evaluating each type of goal Formal monitoring and review of progress towards these objectives Using the outcomes of the review process to reinforce desired employee behaviour through differential rewards and identifying training and development needs. Variables that Influence Performance of Expat riate Compensation Package Nature of Assignment Role Clarity Psychological Contract HQs support Environment of the Host Country Cultural Adjustment Critical Success Factors Recommendations: The Impact of Diversity and the Changing Nature of the Workplace on Human Resource Functions in Work Organizations: Given the era of Globalization, managing diversity at the workplace has become a business issue for the HR Department and no longer simply a moral, social, or legal concern. The challenge is no more creating a diverse employee demographic, but empowering one that already exists due the natural global nature of the business. Despite all the hype around Diversity and the pros of having a multicultural workplace, organizations still tend to reflect: Soft implementation of highly expensive Diversity Management Programs A poor gender ratio when it comes to higher managerial positions Poor integration of disabled people into the employee base. Senior management teams not reflecting ethnic diversity. Some critical success factors to ensuring that diversity is leveraged well by organizations include: A) Clear organization wide understanding of the business case for Diversity. The HR department along with the senior management and the line managers need to be clear about the need to be diverse and embrace new cultures and ethnic backgrounds into their folds. Going beyond corporate trainings and having blurred notions of how multi-cultural employee base would help the organization to gain competitive edge over local competition in remote markets, all levels of the organization need to clearly articulate how a diverse human resource base would help reach the organization goal and hence their own individual goals. Further they understand that a multi-cultural workforce can improve their organizations adaptiveness and change readiness. This would clearly improve the culture within the organization to recruit, develop and retain the best staff. B) Assessment of Current Situation. HR departments that are particularly successful at managing diversity routinely spend time, money and effort in gauging the ever changing composition of the workforce given geographical expansions, attrition and new recruits. They routinely assess not just numbers associated with the above dynamics but also behaviours, and culture associated with these changes. Eg. Eastman Kodak created a specialist external diversity panel to conduct an outsider review of the current situation. The Management of Eastman Kodak assessed recruitment policies to address cultural imbalances and even cultural blocks to retaining and developing a multi-demographic employee base. Without the above HR Departments would only end up paying lip service to managing diversity or spending huge amounts on expensive specialist corporate trainings on managing diversity without actually creating a basic inclusive work culture. Ergo, wasting time and effort on initiatives that are unsustainable in an environment where self assessment itself is not done. C) Managing Diversity is a top-down approach. Successful diversity management initiatives are ones that have high visibility of the senior management team. Eg. Back in mid 90ies, Lou Gerstner identified diversity as a key strategic initiative for IBM globally. He was a strong proponent of leveraging differences to address new markets. He established eight task forces representing various ethnic groups, allocating executive sponsors from his direct reporting team and insisting on specific measurable results within specified timelines personally reviewing progress on the results. Many HR departments have gone beyond simply including diversity management in their employee handbook and actually championed setting up panels and councils that include senior executives. Diversity management may require fundamental changes to the very culture of the organization and hence require stewardship by the senior executives. D) HR initiatives need to promote cultural harmony rather than address cultural imbalances. Initiatives from HR need to promote creating a multi-cultural environment. Simply having reservation seats and quotas and fancy cultural training and diversity training is not enough. HR Departments need to ensure that minorities have the same opportunities and such initiatives are an integral part of their day to day working rather than simply an extra curricular task! Ensuring objective appraisal systems, rewards and recognition and universal training and development opportunities is key to promoting an all encompassing holistic HR approach. E) Objective assessment of the Diversity management initiative and scientific assessment of programs are key. Many HR Departments have succeeded in developing measurable diversity management programs. E.g. the Hyatt Hotel Group the world over ties approximately 15% of the bonus potential to diversity goals. HR Departments that have been successful in managing diversity have translated it into a core competency used to assess the performance of management. F) Diversity Management principles are all encompassing and wholesome enough for everyone to participate. If the Diversity Management programs are only a bastion of the senior management, the entire exercise would be superficial and unsustainable. In order to result in successful recruitment, retention and development of employees in a globalized world, it is important that it is an inclusive program cascading throughout the organization. E.g. IBM created specific task forces but more importantly invited participation in the form of inputs to help these task forces in creating an inclusive culture. Managing diversity and the every changing workplace in the face of globalization is not the prerogative of the senior management alone but is to be implemented at the grass root level where managing diversity to retain and recruit top talent is a challenge in itself. These critical to success factors for managing diversity are not complicated models however they are tough to actually execute and require a motivated effort on the part of the Human Resources team and buy-in from the entire organization. Conclusion: Clearly Globalization has brought about a paradigm shift to International Trade providing it with a great boost. I feel, employees form perhaps the most critical resource base since they are the ones to deploy other resources and hence, in todays Globalized world, competitive advantage can be gained only by effective Human Resource management. A natural caveat to be issued in such a varied workplace is greater requirement from organizations to focus on differences between ethnic and cultural groups in attitude and performance at the workplace. Diversity requires Human Resources Department to find similarities and recognize differences as workplaces get more and more diversified. The test for Human Resource Departments therefore is to manage and appreciate the diverse workforce. With a multinational approach to Staffing Recruitment and Selection Compensation Management Performance review and management An organization can leverage the human potential to su cceed regardless of the geography and the ethnic composition in its employee base. For truly the organization of today, the difference between success and failure can depend on the recruitment and retention of the most skilled, qualified and talented staff from the world over, creating a unique and strong multi-cultural backbone to get the valuable competitive edge.

The New Zealand Government And Education Essay - 2265 Words

critiques the Hannah Arendt has of Hobbes about the state acting in the service of capital. Before submitting check criteria on info. Rubric and referencing The New Zealand government and education The education system is a fundamental structure that exists within the nation state of New Zealand. Through power and goverance of the education system the government of New Zealand influences and molds education to suit its current and future purposes of the state. Thomas Hobbes a western political philosopher synthesized the theory of a social contract which frames the development of the state and it’s continuing dominance over it’s citizens. Hobbes’ theory on the social contract can be applied to the education systems of New Zealand with the changes taking place in policy currently. Michel Foucault theory of governmentality further develops the state’s rule of education by supporting the intervening nature of Hobbes’ social contract in everyday lives using the theory of a ‘body politic’. By creating a ‘body politic’ Foucault suggests that docile bodies are formed which enact the states interests through their actio ns. Hannah Arendt another political theorist critiques Hobbes’ and with that Foucault theories of state power. Arendt’s arguments bring another perspective of the state and its relationship to the economy and education. She also highlights the inequality within the state that forms because of the economy especially when examined through the lens ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Education In The New Zealand Government966 Words   |  4 Pagespieces of writing With the New Zealand election looming in just under six weeks, politics has dominated national news, sparking interest for even a twenty-year-old university student like myself. Having never voted in an election, my knowledge of the political system, and the terminology for that matter is far from adequate. 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The characteristics affected or can affect the societies to inequality from five factors within poor health, obesity, lifestyles, communities, belief, government promises not honoured. IncomeRead MoreCyclical Oppression Of New Zealand : How One Of The Fairest?1699 Words   |  7 PagesCYCLICAL OPPRESSION IN NEW ZEALAND: How one of the â€Å"fairest† states in the world is overflowing with inequality Isaac Karlan-Mason Peoples and Politics of New Zealand Alan Tidwell Fall 2015 The Maori population, which makes up 15% of the total New Zealand population, is the second largest ethnic group within the country, falling behind Europeans who make up 74% of the total population. While the Maori are considered to be a critical and equal part of the New Zealand economy and cultureRead MoreThe Economic Issues Of New Zealand Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic issues in New Zealand. The name of the book is KEEPING ECONOMICS REAL (NEW ZEALAND ECONOMIC ISSUES) written by Paul Hansen and Alan King. This book is published by Pearson Education New Zealand in 2004.This book is printed in Malaysia and typeset in 10.5/12 Palatino. This book is dedicated to the memory of Ajit, Erikin, Pete and Priyatosh. Royalties go to Erkin Bairam Memorial Scholarship. This book has three part. Part A: Microeconomic issues. 1 Education and health Read MoreEducation Is Important For A Nation s Most Populous City With A Wide Demographic Of Multicultural Individuals Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesEducation plays a significant role in contributing to Auckland’s perception and engagement with Waitangi Day. Within the wider context of New Zealand, Auckland is the nation’s most populous city with a wide demographic of multicultural individuals. With significant external immigration to the city, future growth is to be expected. Therefore, it is important for the topic of Waitangi education to be investigated, to ensure that systems are put in place for future pupils that will go through the NewRead MoreThe Consequences Of Child Poverty1188 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloping countries. However, children from developed countries as New Zealand are also suffering from poverty. Based on the data provided by Child Poverty Monitor, 295,000 Kiwi kids live in households with low income (2016). It is a urgent problem for o ur future generations as living in poverty may have strong influence on their future. This essay will discuss the main reasons and the significant consequences of child poverty in New Zealand. 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Yet, teachers and parents wanted the government to focus more on facilitating, staff workload and school funding issues instead of more changes to regulations. Majority of the schools faculty believed that New Zealand’s education department were omitted from structuring the governments education policy. This essay discusses

Essay on A Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis - 2422 Words

If Americans would like to stop foreclosure on their homes, we need to address the root or the heart of the problem, not just a branch or limb. Solving foreclosure would be like putting a band-aid on a wound which needs surgery. The real problem resides in human behavior and governmental policy concerning the environment which we inhabit. So, with this information, I will address how to come about a real solution in terms of preventing foreclosure (and better than that, solving what causes foreclosure) (which is interrelated with environmental health). So you ask, why should we care about nature and the environment? Why should we have anything to do with the survival of the Earth and its resources? Well, nature, the Earth, and the†¦show more content†¦We are currently not making much progress, but this is the exact reason for why the headwaters project was created—so the public can begin to become informed and take action in this very slow process of change. Within the Headwaters conference, I expanded my horizons into the complexity of environmental issues. The myriad of speakers which presented their ideas opened the various perceptions of how mankind shall go about the reconstruction of our ideas upon the natural world of resources. Dr. Devon Pena addressed the concern on political, environmental, and in detail, our source of food issues. He addressed the 3es and the 3rs as a basis of how we discover what needs to be addressed within our current situation: environment, economy, and equity; resilience, resurgence, and revolution. Each reflect and effect each other in many ways, and in many senses, are in constant balance with one one another. The 3rs are simply the things that need to take place in order to meet the expectations of the 3es—Revolution of change, the power of reconstruction which is resilience, and finally, the ability to rise again to efficient power which is resurgence. These 3rs lay out the steps of action whic h need to take place within the 3es When one of the 3es are effected, all of them are affected, and for that reason, there are many parallels between each of the three which govern our lives. The wayShow MoreRelatedSolution to the Foreclosure Crisis1326 Words   |  6 PagesI have what I believe to be a viable solution to the foreclosure crisis. I am almost certain that, if implemented, it would work. We need social services reform. I hesitate to say this, because it may come off as sounding too radical, but desperate times call for desperate measures. Simply put, if something fails, we must look at the overall picture and see what may be wrong—we need to troubleshoot the system. To me, and hopefully to most Americans with any interest in the future of our nation, itRead MoreA Practical Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis1122 Words   |  5 PagesIt is no secret the foreclosure crisis has played a significant role in the financial meltdown of the past year. The collapse of t he housing marketing has brought thousands of families across the country to financial ruin, forcing many out on the streets. Although the common consensus is that something must be done to stabilize the foreclosure crisis, the agreement ends there. Proposed solutions to the foreclosure crisis have drawn controversy from all political affiliations and walks of life. ThisRead MoreA Solution To the Foreclosure Crisis Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesThe foreclosure crisis has reached new heights since the all-time high deficit in the economy. U.S. foreclosure rates went up more than 81% and 861,664 families lost their homes to foreclosure in 2008 (Les Christie). Also, 54 households received a foreclosure notice last year (Les Christie). So what is the solution? Bold action is needed to address this serious issue. I suggest a â€Å"real estate pause† for a temporary amount of time, similar to what Roosevelt did with the â€Å"bank holiday†Read MoreEssay on Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis2199 Words   |  9 PagesHow real is the mortgage foreclosure problem in America? How did it come about? What are some possible solutions? First of all, the problem is so big that almost everyone knows someone who lost their house because of a foreclosure, and this is new. It didn’t used to be that way. Listening to the stories of foreclosure evictions provides an eyewitness viewpoint of how it happened. This is important because it provides a background against which to decide solutions. The overhang of foreclosed homesRead MorePossible Solutions to the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this writing is to analyze the foreclosure crisis and offer some solutions to keep people in their homes and satisfy the financial accounting records of the banking industry. With more lost jobs on the horizon and fluctuating adjustable mortgage rates, the foreclosure crisis continues to plague America. A recent report from the Mortgage Bankers Association reveals that 14% of loans are behind or in foreclosure. This is largely due to lost jobs in this volatile economy. Many factorsRead MoreProposed Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesToday’s America is in crisis; we are in a recession. The greatest factor driving this major recession is Foreclosure many Americans are forced to face every day. In simple terms, the foreclosure crisis was caused by greed in the banking industry and too much optimism of the American people. This resulted in a bubble of subprime mortgage lending, which eventually collapsed once leading mortgage firms in the banking industry such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac needed to be bailed out by the governmentRead MoreSolution to the Foreclosure Crisis: Lending Laws1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe current foreclosure crisis in America has directly impacted thousands of homeowners who have lost or are losing their homes. It has indirectly affected nearly every American, as it is the underpinning of our current economic recession. In order to resolve this crisis, we first need to understand how we got to this point. With that understanding, we can look for solutions, and then try to prevent this from happening again. In regards to a solution, I have come up with three steps that could beRead MoreProposed Solutions to the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesForeclosure is a growing national disaster in the United States. Every time you tune in to your local news, there is a new family whose house is being foreclosed. Every time you ride around the neighborhood, there is another house up for sale. There are several solutions to this increasing trend including cutting government spending and cutting funds towards unsuccessful government programs, devising financial plans to assist families by setting up payment plans that they can afford, getting communitiesRead MoreAn Integrated Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis Essay2100 Words   |  9 PagesForeclosure. Only recently has the term become a buzz word among the American public and various media. The crisis that has enveloped the United States has initiated widespread questioning of the very financial systems in which the American innovators have grown to prosper. Although the foreclosure crisis is often viewed as a product of greedy financial institutions, causation cannot be distilled to individual constituencies; further regulation on various components of the crisis can develop theRead MoreSolving The Foreclosure Crisis: Two Solutions Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rapid increase in foreclosures across the country. The country’s immense housing crisis can be addressed by referring to not only the accumulating irresponsibility of the individual American loan borrower, but als o the growth of greed at the corporate level which led to the financial market’s negligence. To stop the spread of this issue we should look at closer government watch of the market and specifically focus on consumer education. The Quagmire What is foreclosure? Well it is actually

Literary Analysis Of Maya Angelous Caged Bird - 1341 Words

â€Å"Caged Bird Analysis† â€Å"Equal rights, fair play, justice, are all like air: we all have it, or none of us has it.† This quote was taken by the poet Maya Angelou, who stressed the idea of equality in many of her works. One of her poems being, â€Å"Caged Bird.† In the poem the poet references two birds; one who is trapped in a cage, and the other bird who is free. Growing up as an African American in the 1920’s Angelou faced many hardships. She suffered many racial prejudices, and her writing reflects how cruel her society was. When Angelou was younger, a traumatic event happened that left her mute for many years. However, Angelou was very courageous, and nothing could stop her from doing what she loved—poetry. Angelou was inspired by authors†¦show more content†¦The caged bird has been trapped inside of its cage for a long time now, and recognizes its cage as, â€Å"a nightmare.† It still however seeks freedom, by using its voice. The final stanza is a repe at of the third stanza. The tone that is used in the poem stays the same throughout. Angelou would reference the free bird in order for the reader to really comprehend the pain that the caged bird was going through. This would then create tension in the poem. The tension in the poem is caused by the changes of perspectives, which overall deals with an external conflict. This conflict includes the struggle between the caged bird and the barrier that is keeping it hostage. The bird in the cage has a voice, which is being ignored. The free bird also attracts tension by, being the exact opposite from the caged bird. The free bird is very â€Å"joyous,† while on the other-hand the caged bird is completely â€Å"miserable.† Angelou also uses meaning, and word choice to help contribute to the theme of the poem. Some of the connotations in the poem have a big impact on the message, and understanding of the poem. For example, the word â€Å"caged,† has a negative connot ation. The word â€Å"free,† has a positive connotation. Beyond their literal meaning, these words deal with the outside world. The word â€Å"caged,†Show MoreRelatedI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her own experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreMaya Angelou: A Model Woman Through Influential Literature Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagessociety itself. Maya Angelou is a great example of the model woman. She has beaten the odds and has become one of the most well know n African American women of today. She is an author, poet, historian, songwriter, playwright, dancer, stage and screen producer, director, performer, singer, and civil rights activist. Her most influential work comes from her extraordinary books and poems. Her literature has influenced the young and old with their contents. Maya Angelous literary significance restsRead MoreWhy Should Anybody Care?1198 Words   |  5 PagesDOK 1 The concluding section of any written piece that you create is your final chance to make your point. Whether the point is to convince the audience to agree with your perspective, compare and contrast two different texts, or to describe the literary elements that an author used to create his/her text(s), the conclusion should tie everything together. Concluding sections do many jobs, such as: summarizing your points/arguments, restating the purpose of your essay, and connecting to your reader(s)Read MoreMaya Angelou’s Unique Self Essay2562 Words   |  11 Pageschildhood (Angelou, 2009, p.20). In Maya Angelou’s autobiography, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, she recounts her early years as a young girl growing up in Stamps, Arkansas who faces displacement, trauma, and prejudice. It is through her character and artistic expression that she is able to overcome the trauma of her childhood and evolve into the distinguished and unique individual that has captivated millions through literature. In her book, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, Angelou reflects on theRead More Censorship in the Classroom Essay2774 Words   |  12 Pages The Hobbit and Sounder, and My Brother Sam Is Dead, along with the classics. None of these books ruined my innocence. When I was date-raped the summer I was sixteen -- that ruined my innocence. Since then, I read that Maya Angelous novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings has been censored because the rape of eight-year-old Ritie by her mothers boyfriend, Mr. Freeman, is too pornographic. In Moulton, Alabama, the novel was banned in December, 1995, after the superintendent said, When

Types of assessment - 1404 Words

What is meant by assessment? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the assessment types and methods you use? How would you involve your learner into the assessment process? Why do we need to keep records of assessment? Assessments are a critical part of the education system; highlighted by Black and Wiliams’(1998) who define assessments as activities providing â€Å"information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged†. There are two forms of assessment; formative and summative. Formative assessments are carried out as the course progresses. These are an informal and simple way of gauging how and what your students are learning. This then allows teachers to amend their teaching†¦show more content†¦Such observations should be planned in advance with the agreement of the learner’s manager and colleagues. However, teachers can take opportunities to record observations of unplanned events, if useful as evidence. Through observations, teacher/assessor can gather sufficient evidence and can then relate the observation back to many different units/elements of the qualification. Also, it allows teachers to see natural competence first hand in an authentic and reliable manner. Nevertheless, there are disadvantages of observations: A learner’s normal duties may not cover all assessment criteria; observations may be unnerving for learners and observations can take a lot of an assessor’s time and expense. Brookfield’s (1998) model of reflection states that it is critical that one views themselves and their teaching through the perspective of their learners. In this lens there is a strong focus on the learner’s ‘voice’ and so value is placed on their viewpoints and also their articulation of work. Therefore, it is important to gain the learners’ thoughts on the assessment strategy. Learners should be informed of how they will be assessed from the onset, involved in feedback and evaluation at every level. Furthermore, prior to assessment, learners could be shown a model answer and given success criterion to ensure they understand how to achieve the desired level/grade. Involving learners in the assessment process is a key way of helping them toShow MoreRelatedPersonality Type Assessment1336 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality Type Assessment (Week-2 Individual Assignment) CMGT/530 - IT Organizational Behavior July 1, 2012 Personality Type Assessment The first section of this paper details the elements that a personality type assessment typically measures. The second section contains discussion on the personality type assessment of the author of this paper. In the third and last section, the author shares how his personal assessment outcomes could affect his workRead MoreTypes And Purposes Of Assessment2165 Words   |  9 Pages Types and Purposes of Assessment. EDEL/SC650 - Assessment of Learning. Regis University Brian Sky Introduction. The use of assessments, have often focused solely to benefit the teacher. Data gathered served to expose areas were the teacher might need improvement, to adjust instruction, to re-teach certain lessons, or to stop using a program that is not working. All of this is a practical and important part of assessment. However, recent research has shown that this focus hasRead MoreDifferent Types Of Assessments Educators1027 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different types of assessments educators will use to assess their students. The two main assessments this paper will be discussing are formative and summative. Formative assessments are complete as students are learning, while summative assessment are completed at the end of learning (exam). The formative assessment specifically concentrates on observing the students’ progress and response during instruction (Black, et al., 2003). This assessment allows the students to receive instantRead MoreDifferent Types Of Assessment Now1 087 Words   |  5 Pages2.3 TYPES OF ASSESSMENT NOW The principles of good assessment are the same whatever the medium and should be considered before looking into the options for e-assessment. Some studies found no significant differences between student performance on paper and on screen (Hardrà © et al., 2007; Ripley 2009), whereas others indicate that paper-based and computer-based tests do not necessarily measure the same skills (Bennett 2010; Horkay et al., 2006). Though the notion of assessment is generally moreRead MoreType Of Service : Health Assessment1316 Words   |  6 Pages Health History Thalia Braschi Chamberlain School of Nursing NR302-Health Assessment Part I September 2015 Service Date: 09/18/2015 Type of Service: Health Assessment (Annual) Patient Name: XV Biographic Data XV is a 47 year-old divorced Caucasian female. Born on Oct 6, 1968 in San Diego, California and currently resides in Alexandria, Virginia. Her ethnic origin is American. XV is employed full time for the Arlington County government. She is insured for medical, dental, andRead MoreThe Assessment And The Myers Briggs Type Indicator876 Words   |  4 Pagesthe organization leaving us with many theories to explore. Researchers have identified and agreed upon that individual behavior and personality relate to individual performance. I am no different. PERSONALITY Based on the Keirsey assessment and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MTBI), my results showed that I am a Guardian Provider on the Keirsey scale and typed a E(S)NJF with the Myers-Briggs model. I am extroverted (E) in that I enjoy interacting with everyone. I am not one to keep things toRead MoreAssessment Of The Myers Briggs Type Indicator888 Words   |  4 PagesMBTI Assessment Outcomes The results of my Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment revealed that I am an Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking and Perceiving (INTP) person. I don’t believe to have done this test in the past, so coming to find out that for the most part I fit the description was quite interesting. I am not necessarily everything an INTP is but it is the description that fits best. My current position at the company I work for has and will allow me to experiment with some of the materialsRead MoreMyers Briggs Type Indicator Assessment1933 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper is a critique of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment. The paper starts of giving general information about the theory, such as the author, publisher, and a brief description of the history of the assessment. 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It should address the following: a) How is each type of assessment scored? b) Discuss the value and limitations of each test in determining knowledge and skill standards. c) Analyze each instrument for reliability and validity. 2) APA format is not required, but solid academic writingRead MoreThe Jungian Personality Assessment : My Jung Type1707 Words   |  7 PagesWhat About Me Based on the Jungian personality assessment, my Jung type is INTP; which is amazingly spot on. The INTP personality type is one of the rarest, making up only three percent of the population, which is exactly how I’d like it. Just the thought of being â€Å"common† makes me cringe. A prime example of this is my preferred name, Curtis. My full name is Jon Curtis Miller and I prefer to go by my middle name. For as long as I can remember, when asked why I go by my middle name instead of my first

Rural Marketing in India Free Essays

RURAL MARKETING IN INDIA: In a market where life has revolved around deep rooted community values, joint families, and social customs and taboos (women, for example, are not allowed to wear trousers), marketers realize that the traditional routes of market entry and brand building employed in urban India are often not feasible. As Adi Godrej, Chairman of the Godrej Group, says, â€Å"The challenge [for brands] is to understand the [psyche] of the rural consumer, create better distribution, and [appreciate] the heterogeneity. In recent times, rural India has witnessed a wave of change. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Marketing in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dinesh Malhotra, general manager of Linterland (rural arm of Lintas), points out, â€Å"With media exposure and increasing literacy levels, people in rural India are now demanding a better lifestyle. † The educated â€Å"rural yuppie† (males in the 15-34 age group) is moving out to work in nearby towns and cities, and sending money home to his family. This has created an indirect increase in disposable incomes and a surge in demand for consumer goods. The rural youth are slowly evolving as â€Å"opinion leaders† in influencing brand and product decisions in a market that was swayed by village elders for centuries. When building a brand in rural India, word-of-mouth is a huge motivator. Focused brand-building initiatives—like participation at community events such as â€Å"melas† (village fairs), â€Å"haats† (markets), street theater, van campaigns, and puppet shows—generate positive word-of-mouth and influence buying decisions Cholayil Ltd. , a purveyor of the herbal soap â€Å"Medimix,† campaigned in mobile vans to promote its brand. We run a van campaign which visits the interior villages where there are no distributors. We halt the van at specific points [where village folks congregate and watch videos shown on these vans] and give out product samples. † However, contrary to claims of Medimix’s success, Malhotra believes that â€Å"van campaigns can be very expensive. [Al ternatively, promoting one’s brand] in large congregation points like village markets and fairs has a far wider reach, and is more cost effective. † Direct media promotions have helped build knowledge of product categories and change long-entrenched living habits. Colgate-Palmolive, a leading oral hygiene product manufacturer, entered the rural market at a time when â€Å"Neem† twigs (the Neem tree has herbal properties) and non-dentifrice products like ash, charcoal, or salt were the norm for brushing teeth (in fact in some rural pockets, this tradition still continues). In 2001, Colgate-Palmolive launched â€Å"Operation Jagruti† to educate villagers about oral hygiene and its benefits vis-a-vis traditional products like â€Å"Neem. † Through product trials and free samples, the company was able to generate awareness in this new market. On a similar note, CK Ranganathan, managing director of Cavin Kare, notes, â€Å"When we entered the rural areas in South India, people used to wash their hair with soap. When we launched the ‘Chik’ brand of shampoo we educated the people on how to use it through live ‘touch and feel’ demonstrations and also distributed free sachets at fairs. This strategy worked wonders in the rural areas of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh—two important states in India. Colgate and Cavin Kare have shown that communication is key when it comes to building brands in rural markets. As R. V. Rajan, managing director of the Anugrah Advertising Agency, adds, â€Å"To communicate effectively, it is important to understand the fears, aspirations, and hopes of the rural consumer. † Not to mention the traditions and stereotypes that have governed their lives for centuries. While communicating the brand message, marketers must realize that language plays a prime role. Though a large part of urban India is well versed in English (thanks to the British and modern television), in rural India, heritage plays a powerful role and regional languages are predominant. There are 15 regional languages, and 1600 dialects in India, and as one moves into the countryside, English is replaced with regional tongues. V. S. Sitaram, Dabur India executive director, explains, â€Å"Often people treat India as one big market, but the reality is that India is more like the European Union—a mix of different cultures, habits and languages. † Dabur is also considering the use of South Indian celebrities to propagate the brand message in South India. Marketing companies not only need to customize their communication, but in some cases they must also change their product names to match regional differences. Take toothpaste, for example: â€Å"Dabur’s Lal Dant Manjan† (red toothpowder in Hindi) was rechristened as â€Å"Dabur Sivappu Pal Podi† (red toothpowder in Tamil, the local language) for the South Indian market. Affordability of the product is also a critical success factor when building brands. A spokesperson from Tata Group, which retails the Sonata brand of watches to rural India, says, â€Å"[rural folks] think of a purchase in terms of how it serves their needs and how well its suits the family, rather than the individual. Products must be affordable and immensely practical. Furthermore, since the rural consumer often survives on daily wages, he engages in daily purchases. Several companies like Cavin Kare, Godrej, and Dabur adopted the â€Å"single use† sachet strategy, which has worked in their favor. As Byas Anand, Senior Manager, Corporate Communications, Dabur India, claims, â€Å"We introduced one-rupee sachets (2. 5 cents) for Dabur Vatika shampoo which resulted in doubling of volumes in the rural market. † Though pricing is important, rural consumers favor quality as well. For rural consumers, a purchase is a bigger investment than it is for the urban, veteran consumer. Hence, a particular brand will be rewarded only if it earns the rural consumer’s trust through consistent product quality. As R. V. Rajan says, â€Å"the rural consumer is conscious of value for money, and it might be difficult to convert him to a new brand. However, once converted he is fiercely loyal to the brand. † This issue will be a challenging one for corporations when they strategize their brand entry and decide how to balance pricing with brand quality. The challenge doesn’t end with just building brand awareness. While television and direct marketing activities help rural consumers learn about different brands, ensuring product availability is even more critical. Marketers in rural India claim that setting up a supply chain that reaches the remotest rural areas is extremely arduous given the infrastructure in the country. According to Harish Manwani, chairman of Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), â€Å"The rural market [centers] are scattered over large areas and [their] connectivity to the urban centers is poor. To overcome the distribution challenge and increase penetration in rural hinterlands, HUL launched a unique operation called Project Shakti in 2001 (â€Å"Shakti† is a Hindi word which means â€Å"strength†). The project targeted rural women from existing self-help groups to work as â€Å"direct-to-home† distributors for HUL products, and helped the company break into a market they were unfamili ar with. Malhotra (Linterland) believes that, â€Å"While Project Shakti might have worked for HUL, it is not an established channel. Reasons like relatively high capital investment, gender roles, and taboos could present an upper limit to those sales numbers. According to Malhotra, a â€Å"hub and spoke† model of distribution is the â€Å"future. † As he explains, â€Å"We successfully adopted the hub and spoke model for Dabur India and it has worked very well. Here, feeder towns, primarily on the highways serve as hubs, where companies can rent a warehouse and stock their products. [Spokes are comprised of] ‘cyclist salesmen’ [who] then distribute products to small retail outlets in nearby rural pockets. † In short, customized and affordable products, effective distribution, and focused marketing initiatives are essential factors in building credibility for a brand in rural India. Brand awareness and trust will play a key role in combating the blitz of local copycat brands that are formidable competition. If marketers tailor make their brand building initiatives according to the dynamics of the rural market, it may no longer come as a surprise to see the rural Indian consumer sitting before a Samsung television, enjoying a bag of Frito-Lay potato chips, and drinking a bottle of Coke. How to cite Rural Marketing in India, Essays

Quality Management Policy and Procedures †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Quality Management Policy and Procedures. Answer: Introduction Bazaar Ceramics Studio is a 20 year old organization from Hahndorf, South Australia that sells art and craft products. It first began producing locally designed fine art pieces and domestic wares such as dinner sets and ovenware as a cooperative. The cooperative members were involved in designing, throwing glazing and firing activities for their own products. A gallery director was appointed to take care of gallery and its marketing. Over the years, the organization grew and expanded nationally with inclusion of corporate collection and sculptural pieces. These pieces are obtained from international hotels, private homes, and board rooms in US and Germany and sold on commission basis with 40% as commission. It now operates from Stepney, Adelaide and has more staff including a production manager, 6 production potters, and 2 full time ceramic designers. Bazaar Ceramics is focused on the international ceramic arts market while doing marketing as it gives more opportunities to do business. The main revenues in the business come from the sales made through gallery. However, cost of running gallery is very high which has resulted into reduction in the returns on investments on gallery maintenance and marketing. Most sales are made to interstate and international clients. However, these major clients find the purchasing process complicated and thus, management is thinking of developing ecommerce website to make the processes streamlined. The company would continue to maintain high standards of technical and artistic needs. The organization has a long term vision of growing its art market globally and builds a strong brand reputation. For this, the company is going to use internet based marketing such that its advertising cost is reduced and the company is able to get more feedback from customers. The organization has a plan to make use of market opportunities using the organization strengths. It would also aim to build strategies to deal with threats and overcome their weaknesses. The strategic plan of the company is presented below: Vision: Vision is to create a strong business reputation in the international art market Mission: Expand the business in national and international market and increase sales figure to exceed competition Objectives: Objectives of the company would be behavioural, community level, and process related(Carpenter Weikel, 2012). Behavioural objectives of the company include: Reduce order processing time Reduce operating cost of the company Expand business into national market and international market Process objectives of the company include: Spend more on marketing of products that are most popular with customers Automate business process to improve productivity Action Plan: Train staff into getting more feedback from customers and use them for the organizational benefits Develop ecommerce solution that allows customers to place orders online with convenience Hire IT manager to provide support to the employees managing IT systems in the company Move into a smaller showroom and put more products for sale on website to reduce cost of operations Automate the order management process of the company to reduce time needed for processing orders Develop an ecommerce website to reduce order processing costs and time as well as increase the reach of the business globally Implement analytics on the website to do sales analysis for understanding popular items Automate some of the organizational processes including order management and sales tracking to reduce order processing time and analyse trends(Burnett, 2008) Develop an ecommerce system that has following features and facilities: Online ordering Market products online Sell products online Collect customer feedback Critical Issues and Strategic Objectives The company is facing strategic issues that need to be resolved for which strategic objectives are formed. Critical Issue Strategic Objectives Costs of gallery management and marketing are increased with increase in cost of goods sold and fixed costs of gallery management. Identify and explore more options to sell other than through gallery Many processes used in the company are manual including order form entries, selling, ordering which consumes more time and also lead to mistakes and redundancies in data management Automate some of the processes used in the company Products that are produced by remote workers are double handled between producers and sellers which both time consuming and cost incurring Develop a system that allows direct shipping of products from workers to clients There are cost pressures that are affecting the profits from operations. Some of the cost elements that have increased include employee costs, advertising costs, exchange rates, and fixed costs of showroom management. This has resulted in decrease in mark-up and returns on investments. Reduce the fixed costs of the business Manual order processing makes processing time consuming. Moreover, there are more challenges like inability of international customers to order by phone Automate the process of ordering Bazaar Ceramics has no person employed for providing IT support Hire new staff for IT systems management The company is unable to display all available products in the gallery because of its small size Sell products through new channels other than the gallery The information on sales is not effectively stored and analysed. More unsaleable products are produced because of lack of knowledge of popularity of products. Improve the customer feedback mechanism As the products are unique, products displayed in advertisements get sold fast and the advertisements become outdated Find and utilize alternate modes of advertising With increase in ecommerce adoption, the competition is increasing. Competitors have more margins with websites as their sales and marketing costs are less. This gives bargaining power to consumers and they want 25% discounts on all products(Dolinsek Piskar, 2006). Make the business more competitive by developing ecommerce platform(USFSM, 2017) Business quality assurance Plan Having more stock of products that are most popular with customers Selling products that are reliable and of high standards of art and craft Sell the products that are durable and long lasting Sell products that have good aesthetics that are pleasing to customers Providing good support and communication with customers such that customers become loyal which is shown by repeat purchases. Complaints from customers are responses to within 24 hours Expectations of the customers and other stakeholders related to the quality of the business would include: Prompt service personnel response to queries of the customers Good quality of products that follow international standards Flexibility in terms of order placement and payments against orders Understanding of the customer needs and fulfilment of the same Company staff has a caring attitude towards customers(WEF, 2017) Business Quality standards and business model Business would use ISO 9001 standards that define following responsibilities of the business: Develop quality systems as per the needs of the customers and ensure that the top management of the company are committed to meet them Ensure that resources and infrastructure that is need to improve the quality of systems are present Understand customer needs and ensure they are delivered what they want Conduct surveys or interviews with customers to understand if their needs are sufficiently met and make improvements in case dissatisfaction is seen(Inglis, 2005) Quality standards would be measured against benchmarks reflecting upon desired quality of the business. Benchmarking would be done in following steps: Understanding the current and new processes that would be followed in the company Analyse the processes used by coming organizations in the industry Compare the performance of the company with its competitors Take steps to eliminate the performance gap between the company and its competitors Benchmarking would be used for the development of the ecommerce solution which would be made ensuring that it follows the minimum quality standards used by other competing companies using ecommerce for selling their products(Booth, 2015). The expectations of the customers and stakeholders would be documented in service level agreements that would include details of products, professional services that would be provided by the company staff, support provided by the company, and agreement of the customer on expectations documented(Haustein, 2017). The standards that would be used for the business would include ISO9001 which would be used for internal operations management and Australian standards like CWA which would be used for cataloguing of the products on the ecommerce website(Wladen University, 2017). Industry benchmarks of quality of products and services would be followed as the base for performance assessment. The benchmarks would be set for the following parameters: Material quality of domestic wares such as dinner sets and ovenware Efficiency of processes including designing, throwing glazing and firing Exclusivity of corporate collection and sculptural pieces Aesthetics and maintenance of art gallery Features of the ecommerce website Roles Quality Responsibilities Quality Manager Review and approve the quality management plan Provide assistance in ensuring implementation of quality management processes Direct team on delivering quality. Quality Assurance Officer Provide assistance in building a quality management plan Develop quality control procedures with assistance from stakeholders Ensure that all stakeholder requirements are sufficiently documented Review and audit the quality control procedures Give feedback to the program or project manager on quality aspects Help team make improvements in production and other management processes Record compliance issues and ensure that they are resolved(EPA, 2016) Implement quality policies and plans Quality policy of business would follow ISO9001:2015 standard. The policy would be build on corporate objectives of the company and the values they have, The quality policy of Bazaar Ceramics would be: Bazaar Ceramics provides high quality products including fine art pieces, household wares, corporate collection and sculptural pieces and uses best in classes processes in the industry including designing, throwing glazing and firing. It is the policy of Bazaar to provide products in accordance with the given details and pricing. The company Directors, Top Management and Staff are responsible for ensuring quality of products and services to the satisfaction of the customers. The company woudl use the quality procedures defined in ISO 9001 standards and would try to even exceed for increasing customer satisfaction(Hnard Roseveare, 2012). Feedback analysis - Quality Management Plan The feedback of the customers and stakeholders on the quality of products and business processes would be taken and based on the analysis of the feedback, changes would be incorporated in the quality management plan. An initial feedback of the customer on the quality aspects revealed that the international customers are not very satisfied with the communication modes and are looking for options to connect to the company representatives directly. Also, it was found that the order processing time is longer as compared to competition mainly because of manual processes unlike the competition that is using ecommerce systems Based on the customer feedback on quality of business processes, some corrective actions are recommended including: Ecommerce systems would be implemented through which the customers would be able to place the orders which would make the process faster The producers would be connected to the company database directly such as upon placement of the orders, the shipments can be made from the producer to the customer directly without the need for involving the company in between The quality assurance officer would conduct an audit in which the quality performance of the business would be measured based on the monitored data throughout the quality management process. The QA officer would report the quality deviations to the project manager and would seek necessary corrections. The staff would need to be trained on the ecommerce system to be able to achieve fast order processing and order fulfilment. Control quality assurance processes In order to maintain the quality of the services and processes of the organization, the company is adopting ISO and AS based standards that cover the aspects of customer involvement, staff involvement and processes. Various procedures that are used in the organization for the management of the quality can be recorded in a quality, management policy and procedures document which would include the following: Policy Statement: Bazaar Ceramics specializes in selling or art and craft products and corporate collections from Germany and US. It provides following services to customers: Gallery for viewing art and craft collection Sales of art and craft products Survey of customers to get feedback for improvement Provision of items from producers sold directly to the customers Bazaar ceramic is committed to maintain reputation of good quality products and uses stringent procedures for managing quality products. The company is committed towards continuous improvement and have planned to develop an ecommerce platform to allow customers more ease in ordering through online platform. The company also strives to improve its IT processes and employ staff for efficient IT systems management support. The quality management approach of Bazaar Ceramics is based on four principles that include: Conforming to the needs of customers for products and services Focus on improvements with identification of performance gaps and working for their improvement Ensure that all the staff understand the quality need sufficiently and is committed to achieve them Involve all major stakeholders in the review process to take a 360 degree feedback to help improvement Stakeholder feedback for monitoring and implementation Stakeholder feedback is taken using survey with customers and interviews with other representatives of stakeholder groups including suppliers, marketers, sponsor, and vendors. The performance of the quality processes is measured based on the monitoring procedures that includes quality logs where all the quality related steps that are taken are recorded. Major problems with the system are high cost of operation mainly due to the maintenance cost of gallery and manual processing of the organization activities. Because of manual systems, order processing is time consuming. Also, because of lack of certain features that are provided by competition, the company is losing on the international customers. For improvement, the company is planning to implement an ecommerce system that would help it automate order management processes and widen the reach of the company. Further, the company would modify its processes to involve producers in direct sales such that deliveries are made directly from the producer to the customers upon receiving orders. For this, the company is planning to outsource development to a third party and hire more staff for managing IT systems that are developed. Quality performance use standards defined by ISO and AS including ISO9001:2015 and CWA. The two quality standards define the processes related to customer needs management and process management. Benchmark standards are defined based on the competitive analysis that has found that the company is lacking presence of the online systems to interact with and sell to customers. The monitoring procedures include quality logs where all the quality related steps that are taken are recorded. Quality performance assessment reveals that the company has a longer order processing time than competition and has higher operating costs. Moreover, some of the facilities that are made available to customers by competitors are not available with the company such as availability of alternatives for ordering and direct delivery from producers to customers(Cotleigh Engineering Co. Limited, 2016). Review business procedures A review of business procedures revealed certain concerns with existing processes that need to be improved: Most processes used for order management and sales are manual and thus, ecommerce system would help automating some of them The staff is unable to keep track of popular items and thus, non-popular items are stocked. Implementation of analytics on ecommerce would reveal the sales statistics that would help company managers know popular items and accordingly stock them Despite good quality products, the company incur high marketing cost because of traditional marketing methods and thus, use of digital marketing along with ecommerce platform use would help company widen its reach. Conclusion This report explored the case of South Australia based Bazaar Ceramics Studio that sells arts, crafts, domestic wares, corporate collection, and sculpture pieces through its gallery. The report identified issues faced by the company including manual processing, shrinking, cost increases, and long order processing time. Some recommendations were made for improvement of the situation such as development of the ecommerce website that would automate order processing as well as provide sales analytics capabilities that can be used by the organization to get the trend and accordingly focus their marketing on popular products References Booth, S. (2015). International Peer Review Benchmarking for Quality Higher Education. University of Tasmania. Burnett, J. (2008). Core Concepts of Marketing. Zurich, Switzerland.: Jacobs Foundation. Carpenter, M. A., Weikel, M. K. (2012). Management Principles. Creative Commons. Cotleigh Engineering Co. Limited. (2016). QUALITY MANAGEMENT POLICY PROCEDURES. Cotleigh Engineering Co. Limited. Dolinsek, S., Piskar, F. (2006). Implementation of the ISO 9001: from QMS to business model. Industrial Management Data Systems, 1333-1343. EPA. (2016). Training Program for Quality Training Program for Quality Systems. EPA. Haustein, J. R. (2017). Service Level Expectations. Cornell University. Hnard, F., Roseveare, D. (2012). Fostering Quality Teaching in Higher Education:Policies and Practices. IMHE. Inglis, A. (2005). Quality Improvement, Quality Assurance, and Benchmarking: Comparing two frameworks for managing quality processes in open and distance learning. Melbourne, Australia: Victoria University . USFSM. (2017). A Strategic Planning Overview. USFSM. WEF. (2017). Retail for Consumer Retail for Consumer Industries. World Economic Forum. Wladen University. (2017). Form and Style Review Process: Document Expectations. Wladen University.